A list of 300+ CSS properties

There are more than 500 CSS properties but the browsers only support around 300+ properties. That's why we have prepared the list of 300 CSS properties with values which the current browsers support. This is not just a list. You can explore and practice each property.

CSS align-content

CSS align-content property aligns the content vertically (along cross/block/column axis) within a container. The container adjusts its padding so as to align the content vertically. We are using a flex container.

align-content property

normalDefault

It stretches out the descendant elements to fill the height completely.

align-content: normal;

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baseline

It aligns multiple objects (elements) on the same baseline such as cells within a row.

text-align: baseline;

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center

It aligns the content elements in the middle of the container.

align-content: center;

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stretch

It stretches all of the objects (elements) in such a way that they occupy the full height of the container.

align-content: stretch;

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flex-start

flex-start aligns the content at the start of the flex container.

align-content: flex-start;

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flex-end

flex-end aligns the content at the end of the flex container.

align-content: flex-end;

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space-between

In this case, the first object is aligned at the start of the container and the last object is aligned at the end of the container. The remaining objects are placed in such a way that white space is distributed equally among any two objects.

align-content: space-between;

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space-around

The objects are distributed in such a way that there is the same space between the objects except at the start and end of the container.

There is half sized space (half of the space that is between any two objects) before the first object and after the last object.

align-content: space-around;

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space-evenly

It adjusts the alignment of objects so as to distribute equal space between and around the objects.

align-content: space-evenly;

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CSS align-items

CSS align-items property controls the alignment of the child items vertically (along cross/block/column axis). We are using flex container.

align-content property

normalDefault

It stretches out the child elements so as to fill the height of the container completely.

align-items: normal;

Child element

baseline

It aligns multiple objects (elements) on same baseline such as cells within a row.

align-items: baseline;

Child element

center

It aligns the content in the middle of the container.

align-items: center;

Child element

stretch

It stretches all of the objects (elements) in such a way that they occupy the full height of the container.

align-items: stretch;

Child element

flex-start

flex-start aligns the content at the start of flex container.

align-items: flex-start;

Child element

flex-end

flex-end aligns the content at the end of the flex container.

align-items: flex-end;

Child element

CSS align-self

CSS align-self property aligns itself vertically (cross/block/column axis) within its container by adjusting the margins. We are using flex container.

align-content property

autoDefault

It stretches out the element vertically to fill the height of the container completely.

align-self: auto;

Self element

baseline

It aligns the element on the normal baseline.

align-self: baseline;

Self element

center

It aligns an element at the middle of cotainer.

align-self: center;

Self element

stretch

It stretches the element so as fill the height of container completely.

align-self: stretch;

Self element

flex-start

flex-start aligns the current element at the start of flex container.

align-self: flex-start;

Self element

flex-end

flex-end aligns the current element at the end of the flex container.

align-self: flex-end;

Self element

CSS animation

animation : animation-name    animation-duration    animation-delay    animation-direction    animation-iteration-count    animation-play-state    animation-fill-mode    animation-timing-function

CSS animation-delay

CSS animation-delay property delays the animation execution i.e. how much time delay between the animation start and its execution.

+ve value (seconds)Default

animation-delay accepts value in seconds. 0s means the animation starts its execution as soon as it starts.

animation-delay: 0s;

+ve fractional value (seconds)

animation-delay also accepts fractional values. 2.5s means the animation starts execution after 2.5 seconds when it is applied.

animation-delay: 2.5s;

+ve value (milliseconds)

value in milliseconds may also be used. 2000ms means 2s. It will start execution after 2s.

animation-delay: 2000ms;

-ve value (seconds)

It starts execution partway through its life cycle. If the animation-duration is 3s and animation-delay is -2s, it shows a part of the cycle in the remaining time i.e. you can see the part of the animation cycle for the last second.

animation-delay: -2s;

CSS animation-direction

CSS animation-direction property represents the direction of all or some animation cycles in the same or reverse direction.

In this case, all the animation timing functions such as ease-in, ease-out, ease-in-out are also reversed. For example, ease-in in normal direction becomes ease-out in the reverse direction.

normalDefault

represents normal direction of animation cycles.

animation-direction: normal;

reverse

represents animation cycles in the reverse direction.

animation-direction: reverse;

alternate

represents odd animation cycles in the normal direction while the even ones in reverse direction

In other words, 1, 3, and 5 will be in the normal direction while 2, 4, and 6 will be the reverse direction.

animation-direction: alternate;

alternate-reverse

It is exactly opposite to alternate i.e. odd animation cycles in the reverse direction while the even ones in the normal direction.

In other words, 1, 3, and 5 will be in the reverse direction while 2, 4, and 6 will be the normal direction.

animation-direction: alternate-reverse;

CSS animation-duration

CSS animation-duration property defines the total duration of one animation cycle. We take an example of animation with different values for animation-duration.

Negative values are not allowed.

+ve value (seconds)Default

This value determnines the duration of an animation cycle. 1s represents the duration in the demo.

animation-duration: 1s;

+ve value (seconds)

This value determnines the duration of an animation cycle. If the value is 0s, the animation occurs instantly for 0s.

animation-duration: 0s;

+ve fractional value (seconds)

The animation-duration also accepts fractional values. The animation can continue for 2.5s.

animation-duration: 2.5s;

+ve value (milliseconds)

time in milliseconds may also be used as the value. The animation continues for 2000ms i.e. 2s.

animation-duration: 2000ms;

CSS animation-fill-mode

It applies CSS properties to an element that are picked from the end of last animation cycle or from the start of first animation cycle during the idle time i.e. during the animation delay.

We take an example with 3s animation-duration and 1s animation-delay.

noneDefault

It does not apply CSS properties to the element during the idle time i.e. during the animation delay.

animation-fill-mode: none;

forwards

It applies property values that are picked from the end of the last completed animation cycle in case of more than one cycles (when animation-iteration-count>0).

If animation-iteration-count is 0, it applies CSS properties that are picked from the start of an animation cycle.

animation-fill-mode: forwards;

backwards

In this case, the applied properties are picked from the start of the first animation cycle.

These values are picked either from the 'from' in case of normal or 'to' in case of reverse.

animation-fill-mode: backwards;

both

It represents the effect of both forwards and backward i.e. the applied properties are picked from the start of the firs animation cycle and from the end of last animation cycle.

animation-fill-mode: both;

CSS animation-iteration-count

CSS animation-iteration-count property represents the number of times an animation cycle repeats itself.

+ve integerDefault

A positive integer represents the number of times an animation cycle repeats itself.

'1' means the animation completes its cycle only once from beginning to end.

animation-iteration-count: 1;

+ve fractional value

If there is a fractional value, the animation cycles repeat themselves completely for an integral part and partially for the fractional part. 1.5 means one and half of the cycle.

animation-iteration-count: 1.5;

infinite

The animation cycle repeats itself forever.

animation-iteration-count: infinite;

CSS animation-name

CSS animation-name property represents a list of one or more keyframe-names separated by comma. Each keyframe-name applies property values to an element.

We take an example of animation with one or more keyframe rules.

noneDefault

There will be no animation.

animation-name: none;

keyframe-name

It represents a @keyframe rule with keyframe-name consisting of time intervals and each time interval containing respective property values. We are using 'rotate' keyframe as the value of animation-name.

animation-name: rotate;

keyframe-name list

We can use more than one different keyframes as the value of animation-name. We are using 'rotate' and 'moveTo' keyframes as the value of animation-name.

If more than one keyframes are affecting the same CSS property, the last keyframe will override the previous ones.

animation-name: rotate, moveTo;

CSS animation-play-state

CSS animation-play-state property represents whether the animation is in a running or paused state.

runningDefault

It represents the running state of animation.

animation-play-state: running;

paused

When animation is paused, it continues applying property values that it made before pausing the animation (pausing the animation-duration or animation-delay).

When it is switched to running state, the animation starts its execution at the time interval (animation-duration or animation-delay resumes) where it was left off.

animation-play-state: paused;

CSS animation-timing-function

CSS animation-timing-function defines how the animation progress between different time intervals of a keyframe.

easeDefault

The speed of the animation is constant over its duration. It represents normal behavior over the animation-duration.

animation-timing-function: ease;

ease-in

The speed is slow at the start of animation i.e. It represents smooth behavior at the start only.

animation-timing-function: ease-in;

ease-out

The speed is fast at the end of animation i.e. The animation is smooth at the end.

animation-timing-function: ease-out;

ease-in-out

The speed of the animation is slow at the start and end of animation-duration as compared to intermediate time. It represents smooth behavior at the start and end of the animation.

animation-timing-function: ease-in-out;

CSS backface-visibility

CSS background is a shorthand property of background-position, background-image, background-size, background-repeat, background-attachment, and background-clip property.

The following syntax represents only one layer. We can get more layers by repeating the following syntax. These layers are separated with a comma.

visible Default

The back face is visible when it is rotated by 180 degrees.

backface-visibility: visibile;

We are learning backface-visibility property.

hidden

The back face is not visible when it is rotated by 180 degrees.

backface-visibility: hidden;

We are learning backface-visibility property.

CSS background

CSS background is a shorthand property of background-position, background-image, background-size, background-repeat, background-attachment, and background-clip property.

The following syntax represents only one layer. We can get more layers by repeating the following syntax. These layers are separated with a comma.

background : background-color   background-image   background-position   /   background-size   background-repeat   background-attachment   background-origin   background-clip

CSS background-attachment

CSS background-attachment property represents the position of background image for an element with respect to viewport (visible area of web page) or other content within the same element.

fixedDefault

The background is fixed with respect to both the content box and the viewport.

The background-image remains fixed with respect to both the box and the viewport.

background-attachment: fixed;

The background is fixed with respect to the viewport.

The background scrolls with respect to the viewport.

The background remains fixed with respect to the element's contents. But it may move with the conent when scrolling is possible within the element.

The background is fixed with respect to the viewport.

The background scrolls with respect to the viewport.

The background remains fixed with respect to the element's contents. But it may move with the conent when scrolling is possible within the element.

scroll

The background remains fixed with respect to the content box but scrolls with respect to viewport.

The background-image remains fixed with respect to the content box but does not remain fixed with respect to viewport.

background-attachment: scroll;

The background is fixed with respect to the viewport.

The background scrolls with respect to the viewport.

The background remains fixed with respect to the element's contents. But it may move with the conent when scrolling is possible within the element.

The background is fixed with respect to the viewport.

The background scrolls with respect to the viewport.

The background remains fixed with respect to the element's contents. But it may move with the conent when scrolling is possible within the element.

local

The background does not remain fixed with respect to both the content box and the viewport.

The background-image scrolls with respect to both content box and viewport.

background-attachment: local;

The background is fixed with respect to the viewport.

The background scrolls with respect to the viewport.

The background remains fixed with respect to the element's contents. But it may move with the conent when scrolling is possible within the element.

The background is fixed with respect to the viewport.

The background scrolls with respect to the viewport.

The background remains fixed with respect to the element's contents. But it may move with the conent when scrolling is possible within the element.

CSS background-blend-mode

This property blends multiple background images. It has the same values as mix-blend-mdoe. The background-image may consist of image url or gradient.

background-blend-mode : normal | multiply | screen | overlay | darken | lighten | color-dodge | color-burn | hard-light | soft-light | difference | exclusion | hue | saturation | color | luminosity

CSS background-clip

CSS background-clip property specifies the boundary of the background painting area.

border-boxDefault

In this case, the background of all of the areas within border-box is painted such as content area, padding area, and border area.

background-clip: border-box;

We are observing background-clip property for different values of the background-clip property.

padding-box

In this case, the areas that are within padding-box are painted such as the padding and content areas.

background-clip: padding-box;

We are observing background-clip property for different values of the background-clip property.

content-box

The only background of content-area is painted i.e. excluding the other two areas.

background-clip: content-box;

We are observing background-clip property for different values of the background-clip property.

CSS background-color

CSS background-color property defines the background-color of an element.

color-nameDefault

Any name of the color can be used as the value of background-color. The default color of background is blue for an element.

background-color: transparent;

color-name

The following demo represents skyblue color for the background of an element.

background-color: skyblue;

rgb value

It represents rgb value of a color. The hexadecimal value of red color is given below.

background-color: rgb(255,0,0);

hexadecimal value

It represents hexadecimal notation of red color. The hexadecimal notation of blue color is given below.

background-color: #0000ff;

CSS background-image

CSS background-image property adds an image as the background of an element. More than one images can also be used (subsequently lying over each other) as the background with the first one on top and the last one at the bottom.

background-color should also be used to preserve the contrast between the image layer and other content when the image is not available.

noneDefault

It adds a new layer but does not add any image.

background-image: none;

url()

This value represents the address of an image that is used as the background of an element.

background-image: url(img/web4college.png);

url(), url()

These two URLs represent the address of two different images with the first one on top and the second one at the bottom.

background-image: url(img/web4college.png), url(img/background.jpg);

CSS background-origin

CSS background-origin property specifies the position of background image with respect to different components of box model i.e. we define a point where we start measuring for the background position.

We position the image to top left corner.

padding-boxDefault

The background image is positioned relative to the padding box.

background-origin: padding-box;

The image may be positioned with respect to any of the box area i.e. border, padding, and area box.

border-box

The background image is positioned relative to the border box.

background-origin: border-box;

The image may be positioned with respect to any of the box area i.e. border, padding, and area box.

content-box

The background image is positioned relative to the content box.

background-origin: content-box;

The image may be positioned with respect to any of the box area i.e. border, padding, and area box.

CSS background-position

The background images can be positioned within the background positioning area by using the keywords or percentage values given below.

There are always two values of background-position (horizontal and vertical offset). If only one value is specified the other one is assumed to be 50% or center.

X-offset Y-offsetDefault

Horizontal offset is 0% which means 0% width of the image is under 0% width of the background positioning area from the left side.

Vertical offset is 0% which means that 0% height of the image is under 70% height of the background position area from the top side.

background-position: 0% 0%;

X-offset Y-offset

Horizontal offset is 40% which means 40% width of the image is under 40% width of the background positioning area from the left side.

Vertical offset is 70% which means that 70% height of the image is under 70% height of the background position area from the top side.

background-position: 40% 70%;

XY-offset

This one value represents both vertical and horizontal offsets.

For examples, 30% value means 30% is horizontal offset and 50% is vertical offset (default). It computes to 30% 50%.

background-position: 30%;

left

The image is aligned on the left side horizontally (the first value is 0%). And it is aligned at the center vertically (default). It computes to 0% 50%.

background-position: left;

center

This value aligns an image horizontally and vertically at the center. It computes to 50% 50%.

background-position: center;

right

This value aligns an image horizontally on the right side (first value is 100%). It computes to 100% 50%

background-position: right;

top

top value vertically align an image at the top (second value is 0%). It computes to 50% 0%.

background-position: top;

bottom

bottom value aligns an image vertically at the bottom (second value is 100%). It computes to 50% 100%.

background-position: bottom;

CSS background-repeat

CSS background-repeat property defines whether the image should be repeated or not if the painting area is larger than the image.

repeatDefault

The image is repeated along both axes to fill the painting area completely. It is the same as repeat repeat.

background-repeat: repeat;

no-repeat

The image should not be repeated to fill the painting area.

background-repeat: no-repeat;

repeat-x

The image is repeated along x-axis only. It is the same as background-repeat: repeat   no-repeat;

background-repeat: repeat-x;

repeat-y

The image is repeated along y-axis only. It is the same as background-repeat: no-repeat   repeat;

background-repeat: repeat-y;

space

In this case, the images are repeated and spaced out (kept at a distance) so as to fill the painting area completely. The first and last images must touch the corners of the painting area.

background-repeat: space;

round

The image is repeated untill it fills the background painting area. If it does not fit the painting area a whole number of times, the image is rescaled so as to fit the area.

background-repeat: round;

CSS background-size

autoDefault

The size of the background image is automatically calculated.

background-size: auto;

contain

The image is rescaled to the largest size such that both sides of the image fit inside the background painting area while preserving the aspect ratio.

background-size: contain;

cover

The image is rescaled to the smallest size such that it covers the background painting area completely while preserving the aspect ratio.

background-size: cover;

+ve length

We specify a fixed length for the background image size.

background-size: 20px;

percentage

It represents the image size as the percentage of the background painting area.

30% means the background image occupies the 30% of the element. And three images can fill the painting area of an element with this size.

background-size: 30%;

CSS block-size

autoDefault

auto value means the height will be changed automatically according to the content.

block-size: auto;

block-size auto for horizontal writing mode
block-size: auto;
writing-mode: horizontal-tb;

block-size auto for vertical-lr writing mode
block-size: auto;
writing-mode: vertical-lr

block-size auto for vertical-rl writing mode
block-size: auto;
writing-mode: vertical-rl;

+ve length

It specifies the fixed size of a block.

block-size: 300px;

block-size length for horizontal writing mode
block-size: 300px;
writing-mode: horizontal-tb;

block-size length for vertical-lr writing mode
block-size: 300px;
writing-mode: vertical-lr

block-size length for vertical-rl writing mode
block-size: 300px;
writing-mode: vertical-rl;

CSS border

CSS border property defines width, style and color of the border for all the sides of a box. It is a shorthand property of border-width, border-style, and border-color.

border : border-width    border-style    border-color;

CSS border-block

CSS border-block is a logical property that defines border width, style, and color for the start and end sides. The selection of start and end sides depends upon the writing-mode.

It is a shorthand property of border-block-width, border-block-style, and border-block-color.

  • The start and end sides are top and bottom sides respectively for horizontal-tb writing-mode.

  • The start and end sides are left and right sides respectively for vertical-* writing-mode.

border-block : border-block-width    border-block-style    border-block-color;

CSS border-block-color

CSS border-block-color is a logical property that defines border color for the start and end sides of a block. The selection of start and end sides depends upon the writing-mode.

It is a shorthand property of border-block-start-color and border-block-end-color.

red green

It is the same as border-block-color: red green;

border-block-color: red green;

Check the behavior of border-block-color for different values of writing mode.

writing-mode:horizontal-tb;

Check the behavior of border-block-color for different values of writing mode.

writing-mode:vertical-lr;

Check the behavior of border-block-color for different values of writing mode.

writing-mode:vertical-rl;

CSS border-block-end

CSS border-block-end is a logical property that defines width, style, and color for the end side border of a block. The selection of end side depends upon the writing-mode.

It is a shorthand property of border-block-end-width, border-block-end-style, border-block-end-color.

border-block-end : border-block-end-width    border-block-end-style    border-block-end-color

CSS border-block-end-color

CSS border-block-end-color is a logical property that defines color for the end side of a block. The selection of end side depends upon the writing-mode.

rgb value

It represents rgb value of a color. The hexadecimal value of red color for the border is given below.

border-block-end-color: rgb(255,0,0);

Check the behavior of border-block-end-color for different value of writing mode.

writing-mode: horizontal-tb;

Check the behavior of border-block-end-color for different value of writing mode.

writing-mode: vertical-lr;

Check the behavior of border-block-end-color for different value of writing mode.

writing-mode:vertical-rl;

CSS border-block-end-style

double

The right border consists of two lines. The total border-width equals to the two lines and space between them.

border-block-end-style: double;

Check the behavior of border-block-end-style for different values of writing mode.

writing-mode:horizontal-tb;

Check the behavior of border-block-end-style for different values of writing mode.

writing-mode:vertical-lr;

Check the behavior of border-block-end-style for different values of writing mode.

writing-mode:vertical-rl;

CSS border-block-end-width

CSS border-block-end-width is a logical property that defines width for the end side of a block. The selection of end side depends upon the writing-mode.

+ve length

length defines the width of border for the end side. The used units might be px, in, em, pt.

border-block-end-width: 10px;

Check the behavior of border-block-end-width for different value of writing mode.

writing-mode:horizontal-tb;

Check the behavior of border-block-end-width for different value of writing mode.

writing-mode:vertical-lr;

Check the behavior of border-block-end-width for different value of writing mode.

writing-mode:vertical-rl;

CSS border-block-start

CSS border-block-start is a logical property that defines width, style, and color for the start side border of a block. The selection of start side depends upon the writing-mode.

border-block-start : border-block-start-width    border-block-start-style    border-block-start-color

CSS border-block-start-color

CSS border-block-start-color is a logical property that defines color for the start side border of a block. The selection of start side depends upon the writing-mode.

rgb value

It represents rgb value of a color. The rgb value of red color for the border is given below.

border-block-start-color: rgb(255,0,0);

Check the behavior of border-block-start-color for different value of writing mode.

writing-mode:horizontal-tb;

Check the behavior of border-block-start-color for different value of writing mode.

writing-mode:vertical-lr;

Check the behavior of border-block-start-color for different value of writing mode.

writing-mode:vertical-rl;

CSS border-block-start-style

CSS border-block-start-style is a logical property that defines style for the start side border of a block. The selection of start side depends upon the writing-mode.

dashed

The right border consists of a series of square shaped dashes.

border-block-start-style: dashed;

Check the behavior of border-block-start-style for different values of writing mode.

writing-mode:horizontal-tb;

Check the behavior of border-block-start-style for different values of writing mode.

writing-mode:vertical-lr;

Check the behavior of border-block-start-style for different values of writing mode.

writing-mode:vertical-rl;

CSS border-block-start-width

CSS border-block-start-width property defines width for the start side of a block. The selection of start side depends upon the writing-mode.

+ve length

CSS border-block-start-width is a logical property that defines width for the start side border of a block. The selection of start side depends upon the writing-mode.

border-block-start-width: 10px;

Check the behavior of border-block-start-width for different value of writing mode.

writing-mode:horizontal-tb;

Check the behavior of border-block-start-width for different value of writing mode.

writing-mode:vertical-lr;

Check the behavior of border-block-start-width for different value of writing mode.

writing-mode:vertical-rl;

CSS border-block-style

CSS border-block-style is a logical property that defines border style for the start and end sides of a block. The selection of start and end sides depends upon the writing-mode.

It is a shorthand property of border-block-start-style and border-block-end-style.

border-block-style : border-block-start-style    border-block-end-style

CSS border-block-width

CSS border-block-width is a logical property property that defines border width for the start and end sides of a block. The selection of start and end sides depends upon the writing-mode. It is a shorthand property of border-block-start-width and border-block-end-width

border-block-width : border-block-start-width    border-block-end-width

CSS border-bottom

CSS border-bottom property defines the width, style, and color for the bottom side border of a box. It is a shorthand property of border-bottom-width, border-bottom-style, and border-bottom-color.

border-bottom : border-bottom-width    border-bottom-style    border-bottom-color;

CSS border-bottom-color

CSS border-bottom-color property defines the color for the bottom side border of a box.

currentColorDefault

currentColor keyword represents the same color for the bottom side border as of text color.

border-bottom-color: currentColor;

The color of text is green. Therefore the currentColor for the border is also green.

color-name

The following demo represents skyblue color for the bottom side border.

border-bottom-color: skyblue;

The color of text is green. Therefore the currentColor for the border is also green.

rgb value

It represents rgb value of a color.

The hexadecimal value of red color for the bottom side border is given below.

border-bottom-color: rgb(255,0,0);

The color of text is green. Therefore the currentColor for the border is also green.

hexadecimal value

It represents hexadecimal notation of red color.

The hexadecimal notation of blue color for the bottom side border is given below.

border-bottom-color: #0000ff;

The color of text is green. Therefore the currentColor for the border is also green.

CSS border-bottom-left-radius

CSS border-bottom-left-radius property defines the length of both horizontal and vertical radii of bottom-left quarter of a box i.e. coverts sharp corners to rounded corners.

+ve length (in px)Default

It means the length of both horizontal and vertical radii is 0 for bottom-left corner.

border-bottom-left-radius: 0px;

+ve length (in percentage)

The length of both horizontal and vertical radii is 30% for the bottom-left corner.

border-bottom-left-radius: 30%;

X-radius Y-radius (in px)

The length of horizontal and vertical radii is 40px and 20px respectively for the bottom-left corner.

border-bottom-left-radius: 40px 20px;

X-radius Y-radius (in percentage)

The length of horizontal and vertical radii is 30% and 50% respectively for the bottom-left corner.

border-bottom-left-radius: 30% 50%;

CSS border-bottom-right-radius

CSS border-bottom-right-radius property defines the length of both horizontal and vertical radii of bottom-right quarter of a box i.e. coverts sharp corners to rounded corners.

+ve length (in px)Default

It means the length of both horizontal and vertical radii is 0 for bottom-right corner.

border-bottom-right-radius: 0px;

+ve length (in percentage)

The length of both horizontal and vertical radii is 30% for the bottom-right corner.

border-bottom-right-radius: 30%;

X-radius Y-radius (in px)

The length of horizontal and vertical radii is 40px and 20px respectively for the bottom-right corner.

border-bottom-right-radius: 40px 20px;

X-radius Y-radius (in percentage)

The length of horizontal and vertical radii is 30% and 50% respectively for the bottom-right corner.

border-bottom-right-radius: 30% 50%;

CSS border-bottom-style

CSS border-bottom-style property defines style for the bottom side border of a block.

none

There is no style. In this case, the color and width of top border are also ignored i.e. 0px border.

border-bottom-style: none;

We are learning border-bottom-style property

hidden

It is same as 'none' but resolve to different results for the border-collapse property in tables.

border-bottom-style: hidden;

We are learning border-bottom-style property

dashed

The bottom border consists of a series of square shaped dashes.

border-bottom-style: dashed;

We are learning border-bottom-style property

dotted

The bottom border consists of a series of round dots.

border-bottom-style: dotted;

We are learning border-bottom-style property

solid

The bottom border consists of a solid line.

border-bottom-style: solid;

We are learning border-bottom-style property

double

The bottom border consists of two lines. The total border-width equals to the two lines and space between them.

border-bottom-style: double;

We are learning border-bottom-style property

ridge

The content seems to be coming out of the canvas. It is obtained by producing the box-shadow from the two colors that are lighter and darker than the border-color.

The outer side of the bottom border is darker than the inner side of the bottom border.

border-bottom-style: ridge;

We are learning border-bottom-style property

CSS border-bottom-width

CSS border-bottom-width property defines the width of bottom side border of a block.

medium

medium value represents medium sized border for the bottom side.thin≤medium≤thick.

border-bottom-width: medium;

If the border-bottom-style is none then the border-bottom-width is of no use i.e. represents 0px.

thin

thin value defines thin line border for the bottom side.

border-bottom-width: thin;

If the border-bottom-style is none then the border-bottom-width is of no use i.e. represents 0px.

thick

thick value defines a thick line border for the bottom side.

border-bottom-width: thick;

If the border-bottom-style is none then the border-bottom-width is of no use i.e. represents 0px.

+ve length

length

length defines the line width of border for the bottom side. The used units might be px, in, em, pt.

border-bottom-width: 10px;

If the border-bottom-style is none then the border-bottom-width is of no use i.e. represents 0px.

CSS border-collapse

CSS border-collapse property defines whether to separate or collapse the borders of table cells. It is important to note that it applies to table element and not to the td or tr elements.

separateDefault

There is space between the borders of table cells.

border-collapse: separate;

Score
Name Aggregate Degree
Sheraz 70% BSC
Bilal 80% BIT
Aleem 90% BSE

collapse

It collapses the borders of table cells i.e. there is no space between the cells in a table.

border-collapse: collapse;

Score
Name Aggregate Degree
Sheraz 70% BSC
Bilal 80% BIT
Aleem 90% BSE

CSS border-color

CSS border-color property is a shorthand property of border-top-color, border-right-color, border-bottom-color, and border-left-color properties. It defines the color for all the sides of a block.

currentColorDefault

It is the same as border-color: currentColor currentColor currentColor currentColor;

border-color: currentColor;

The color of text is green. Therefore the currentColor for the border is also green.

currentColorDefault

It is the same as border-color: red green red green;

border-color: red green;

The color of text is green. Therefore the currentColor for the border is also green.

currentColorDefault

It is the same as border-color: red green blue green;

border-color: red green;

The color of text is green. Therefore the currentColor for the border is also green.

red green blue yellow

It is the same as border-color: red green blue yellow;

border-color: red green blue yellow;

The color of text is green. Therefore the currentColor for the border is also green.

CSS border-end-end-radius

CSS border-end-end-radius is a logical property that defines the length of both horizontal and vertical radii for the end-end corner a box i.e. coverting sharp corners into round shape corners.

The selection of end-end corner depends upon the writing-mode

  • The end-end corner is bottom-right corner for the horizontal-tb writing-mode.

  • The end-end corner represents bottom-right or bottom-left corner for the vertical-rl or vertical-lr writing-mode respectively.

CSS border-end-start-radius

CSS border-end-start-radius is a logical property that defines the length of both horizontal and vertical radii for the end-start corner a box i.e. coverting sharp corners into round shape corners.

The selection of end-start corner depends upon the writing-mode

  • The end-start corner is the bottom-left corner for the horizontal-tb writing-mode.

  • The end-start corner represents top-left or top-right corner for the vertical-rl or vertical-lr writing-mode respectively.

CSS border-image

CSS border-image property specifies the image as the border of a box. It is a shorthand property of border-image-source, border-image-slice, border-image-

border-image :border-image-source    border-image-slice    [ /border-image-width   |  / border-image-width / border-image-outset ]    border-image-repeat

CSS border-image-outset

It specifies the border image area that extends beyond the boundaries of border box.

lengthDefault

represents the width of border image outset.

border-image-outset: 0px;

It specifies the border image area that extends beyond the boundaries of border.

number

This number represents multiple of the border-width. If 3 is the value of border-image-outset and border-width is 5px then the computed value would be 15px.

border-image-outset: 3;

It specifies the border image area that extends beyond the boundaries of border.

CSS border-image-repeat

It specifies how the images are laid out i.e. whether the border images should be repeated or not and what should be the orientation of placement of border images?

stretchDefault

The border image stretches itself to fill the border area.

border-image-repeat: stretch;

It specifies how the images are laid out.

repeat

The border image is repeated to fill the border area.

border-image-repeat: repeat;

It specifies how the images are laid out.

round

The border image is repeated untill it fills the border area. If it does not fit the border area a whole number of times, the image is rescaled so as to fit the border area.

border-image-repeat: round;

It specifies how the images are laid out.

CSS border-image-slice

CSS border-image-slice specifies the inward offset from the top, right, bottom, and left sides of the image. The image is divided into nine parts( 4 corners, 4 edges, 1 middle part). But the middle part is transparent.

There are four values that specify the offset of the top, right, bottom, and left edges of the image.

+ve percentageDefault

It is relative to the dimensions of the images. horizontal offset is relative to the width and vertical offset is relative to the height of the image.

border-image-slice: 100%;

It specifies how the images are laid out.

+ve number

This number represents the pixels of image or coordinates.

border-image-width: 14;

It specifies how the images are laid out.

CSS border-image-source

CSS border-image-source specifies whether to use the image or border-style as the border area.

noneDefault

No image is rendered for the border area and border-style is used.

border-image-source: none;

ulr()

This url specifies the address of an image to use as the border area.

border-image-source: url('img/web4college.png');

CSS border-image-width

CSS border-image-width property specifies the width of the border image. By default, it is the same as border-width.

+ve lengthDefault

length value specifies the width of border image area.

border-image-width: 1px;

CSS border-image-width property specifies the width of the border image. By default, it is the same as border-width.

+ve percentage

percentage value specifies the width of border image area.

border-image-width: 30%;

CSS border-image-width property specifies the width of the border image. By default, it is the same as border-width.

+ve number

It computes to the multiple of border-width. If the border-width is 5px and border-image-width is 2 then the computed value would be 10px.

border-image-width: 2;

CSS border-image-width property specifies the width of the border image. By default, it is the same as border-width.

auto

This is computed to the intrinsic size (height/width) of the image. If there is no intrinsic size of the image, it is computed to border-width.

The following 'auto' value computes 96px width of the border image area because the size of the image is 96px.

border-image-width: auto;

CSS border-image-width property specifies the width of the border image. By default, it is the same as border-width.

CSS border-inline

CSS border-inline is a logical property that defines border width, style, and color for the start and end sides. It is a shorthand property of border-inline-color, border-inline-style, and border-inline-width.

  • The start and end sides are left and right sides respectively for horizontal-tb writing-mode.

  • The start and end sides are top and bottom sides respectively for vertical-* writing-mode.

border-inline : border-inline-width    border-inline-style    border-inline-color;

CSS border-inline-color

CSS border-inline-color is a logical property that defines color for the start and end sides of a block. The selection of start and end sides depends upon the writing-mode. It is a shorthand property of border-block-start-color and border-block-end-color.

border-inline-color : border-inline-start-color    border-inline-end-color

CSS border-inline-end

CSS border-inline-end property defines width, style, and color for the end side border of a block. The selection of end side depends upon the writing-mode.

border-inline-end : border-inline-end-width    border-inline-end-style    border-inline-end-color

CSS border-inline-end-color

CSS border-inline-end-color is a logical property that defines color for the end side of a box. The selection of end side depends upon the writing-mode.

rgb value

It represents rgb value of a color. The rgb value of red color for the border is given below.

border-inline-end-color: rgb(255,0,0);

Check the behavior of border-inline-end-color for different value of writing mode.

writing-mode: horizontal-tb;

Check the behavior of border-inline-end-color for different value of writing mode.

writing-mode: vertical-lr;

Check the behavior of border-inline-end-color for different value of writing mode.

writing-mode: vertical-rl;

CSS border-inline-end-style

CSS border-inline-end-style is a logical property that defines style for the end side of a block. The selection of end side depends upon the writing-mode.

dashed

The right border consists of a series of square shaped dashes.

border-inline-end-style: dashed;

Check the behavior of border-inline-end-style for different value of writing mode.

writing-mode: horizontal-tb;

Check the behavior of border-inline-end-style for different value of writing mode.

writing-mode: vertical-lr;

Check the behavior of border-inline-end-style for different value of writing mode.

writing-mode: vertical-rl;

CSS border-inline-end-width

CSS border-inline-end-width is a logical property that defines width for the end side of a block. The selection of end side depends upon the writing-mode.

+ve length

length defines the line width of border for the right side. The used units might be px, in, em, pt.

border-inline-end-width: 10px;

Check the behavior of border-inline-end-color for different value of writing mode.

writing-mode: horizontal-tb;

Check the behavior of border-inline-end-color for different value of writing mode.

writing-mode: vertical-lr;

Check the behavior of border-inline-end-color for different value of writing mode.

writing-mode: vertical-rl;

CSS border-inline-start

CSS border-inline-start is a logical property that property defines width, style, and color for the start side border of a block. The selection of start side depends upon the writing-mode.

border-inline-start : border-inline-start-width    border-inline-start-style    border-inline-start-color

CSS border-inline-start-color

CSS border-inline-start-color is a logical property that defines color for the start side border of a block. The selection of start side depends upon the writing-mode.

rgb value

It represents rgb value of a color. The rgb value of red color for the border is given below.

border-inline-start-color: rgb(255,0,0);

Check the behavior of border-inline-start-color for different value of writing mode.

writing-mode: horizontal-tb;

Check the behavior of border-inline-start-color for different value of writing mode.

writing-mode: vertical-lr;

Check the behavior of border-inline-start-color for different value of writing mode.

writing-mode: vertical-rl;

CSS border-inline-start-style

CSS border-inline-start-style is a logical property that defines style for the start side of a block. The selection of start side depends upon the writing-mode.

dashed

The right border consists of a series of square shaped dashes.

border-inline-start-style: dashed;

Check the behavior of border-inline-start-style for different values of writing mode.

writing-mode: horizontal-tb;

Check the behavior of border-inline-start-style for different values of writing mode.

writing-mode: vertical-lr;

Check the behavior of border-inline-start-style for different values of writing mode.

writing-mode: vertical-rl;

CSS border-inline-start-width

CSS border-inline-end-width is a logical property that defines width for the end side of a block. The selection of end side depends upon the writing-mode.

+ve length

length defines the line width of border for the right side. The used units might be px, in, em, pt.

border-inline-start-width: 10px;

Check the behavior of border-inline-start-color for different value of writing mode.

writing-mode: horizontal-tb;

Check the behavior of border-inline-start-color for different value of writing mode.

writing-mode: vertical-lr;

Check the behavior of border-inline-start-color for different value of writing mode.

writing-mode: vertical-rl;

CSS border-inline-style

CSS border-inline-style is a logical property that defines style for the start and end sides of a block. The selection of start and end sides depends upon the writing-mode. It is a shorthand property of border-inline-start-style and border-inline-end-style.

border-inline-style : border-inline-start-style    border-inline-end-style

CSS border-inline-width

CSS border-inline-width is a logical property that defines width for the start and end side oorders of a block. The selection of start and end sides depends upon the writing-mode. It is a shorthand property of border-inline-start-width and border-inline-end-width.

border-inline-width : border-inline-start-width    border-inline-end-width

CSS border-left

CSS border-left property defines the width, style, and color for the left side border of a box. It is a shorthand property of border-left-width, border-left-style, and border-left-color

border-left : border-left-width    border-left-style    border-left-color;

CSS border-left-color

CSS border-left-color property defines the color for the left side border of a box.

currentColorDefault

currentColor keyword represents the same color for the left side border as of text color.

border-left-color: currentColor;

The color of text is green. Therefore the currentColor for the border is also green.

color-name

The following demo represents skyblue color for the left side border.

border-left-color: skyblue;

The color of text is green. Therefore the currentColor for the border is also green.

rgb value

It represents rgb value of a color.

The hexadecimal value of red color for the left side border is given below.

border-left-color: rgb(255,0,0);

The color of text is green. Therefore the currentColor for the border is also green.

hexadecimal value

It represents hexadecimal notation of red color.

The hexadecimal notation of blue color for the left side border is given below.

border-left-color: rgb(255,0,0);

The color of text is green. Therefore the currentColor for the border is also green.

CSS border-left-style

CSS border-left-style property defines the color of left side border of a block.

noneDefault

There is no style. In this case, the color and width of left border are also ignored i.e. 0px border.

border-left-style: none;

border-left-style property defines the color of left side border of a block

hidden

It is same as 'none' but resolve to different results for the border-collapse property in tables.

border-left-style: hidden;

border-left-style property defines the color of left side border of a block

dashed

The left border consists of a series of square shaped dashes.

border-left-style: dashed;

border-left-style property defines the color of left side border of a block

dotted

The left border consists of a series of round dots.

border-left-style: dotted;

border-left-style property defines the color of left side border of a block

solid

The left border consists of a solid line.

border-left-style: solid;

border-left-style property defines the color of left side border of a block

double

The left border consists of two lines. The total border-width equals to the two lines and space between them.

border-left-style: double;

border-left-style property defines the color of left side border of a block

ridge

The content seems to be coming out of the canvas. It is obtained by producing the box-shadow from the two colors that are lighter and darker than the border-color.

The outer side of the left border is darker than the inner side of the left border.

border-left-style: ridge;

border-left-style property defines the color of left side border of a block

groove

The content seems to be going into the canvas. It is obtained by producing the box-shadow from the two colors that are lighter and darker than the border-color.

The inner side of the left border is darker than the outer side of the left border.

border-left-style: groove;

border-left-style property defines the color of left side border of a block

inset

The color of top, left borders is darker than border-color but the color of right, bottom borders is the same as border-color.

The effect of outset value can be observed in border.

border-left-style: inset;

border-left-style property defines the color of left side border of a block

outset

The color of top, left sides is the same as border-left but the color of right, bottom sides is darker than border-color.

The effect of inset value can be observed in border.

border-left-style: outset;

border-left-style property defines the color of left side border of a block

CSS border-left-width

CSS border-left-width property defines the width for left side border of a block.

mediumDefault

medium value represents medium sized border for the left side. thin≤medium≤thick

border-left-width: medium;

If the border-left-style is none then the border-left-width is of no use i.e. represents 0px.

thin

thin value defines thin line border for the left side.

border-left-width: thin;

If the border-left-style is none then the border-left-width is of no use i.e. represents 0px.

thick

thick value defines a thick line border for the left side.

border-left-width: thick;

If the border-left-style is none then the border-left-width is of no use i.e. represents 0px.

+ve length

length defines the line width of border for the left side. The used units might be px, in, em, pt.

border-left-width: 10px;

If the border-left-style is none then the border-left-width is of no use i.e. represents 0px.

CSS border-radius

CSS border-radius property defines the length of both horizontal and vertical radii of bottom-right quarter of a box i.e. coverts sharp corners to rounded corners.

It is a shorthand property of border-top-left-radius, border-top-right-radius, border-bottom-right-radius, and border-bottom-left-radius.

border-radius : border-top-left-radius    border-top-right-radius    border-bottom-right-radius    border-bottom-left-radius

CSS border-right

CSS border-right property defines the width, style, and color for the right side border of a box. It is a shorthand property of border-right-width, border-right-style, and border-right-color.

border-right : border-right-width    border-right-style    border-right-color;

CSS border-right-color

CSS border-right-color property defines color for the right side border of a block.

currentColorDefault

currentColor keyword represents the same color for the right side border as of text color.

border-right-color: currentColor;

The color of text is green. Therefore the currentColor for the border is also green.

color-name

The following demo represents skyblue color for the right side border.

border-right-color: skyblue;

The color of text is green. Therefore the currentColor for the border is also green.

rgb value

It represents rgb value of a color.

The hexadecimal value of red color for the right side border is given below.

border-right-color: rgb(255,0,0);

The color of text is green. Therefore the currentColor for the border is also green.

rgb value

It represents hexadecimal notation of red color.

The hexadecimal notation of blue color for the right side border is given below.

border-right-color: #0000ff;

The color of text is green. Therefore the currentColor for the border is also green.

CSS border-right-style

CSS border-right-style property defines the style for right side border of a block.

noneDefault

There is no style. In this case, the color and width of right border are also ignored i.e. 0px border.

border-right-style: none;

CSS border-right-style property defines the style of right side border of a block.

hidden

It is same as 'none' but resolve to different results for the border-collapse property in tables.

border-right-style: hidden;

CSS border-right-style property defines the style of right side border of a block.

dotted

The right border consists of a series of round dots.

border-right-style: dotted;

CSS border-right-style property defines the style of right side border of a block.

solid

The right border consists of a solid line.

border-right-style: solid;

CSS border-right-style property defines the style of right side border of a block.

double

The right border consists of two lines. The total border-width equals to the two lines and space between them.

border-right-style: double;

CSS border-right-style property defines the style of right side border of a block.

ridge

The content seems to be coming out of the canvas. It is obtained by producing the box-shadow from the two colors that are lighter and darker than the border-color.

The outer side of the right border is darker than the inner side of the right border.

border-right-style: ridge;

CSS border-right-style property defines the style of right side border of a block.

groove

The content seems to be going into the canvas. It is obtained by producing the box-shadow from the two colors that are lighter and darker than the border-color.

The inner side of the right border is darker than the outer side of the right border.

border-right-style: groove;

CSS border-right-style property defines the style of right side border of a block.

inset

The color of top, left borders is darker than border-color but the color of right, bottom borders is the same as border-color.

The effect of inset value can be observed in border.

border-right-style: inset;

CSS border-right-style property defines the style of right side border of a block.

outset

The color of top, left sides is the same as border-color but the color of right, bottom sides is darker than border-color.

The effect of outset value can be observed in border.

border-right-style: outset;

CSS border-right-style property defines the style of right side border of a block.

CSS border-right-width

CSS border-right-width property defines width for the right side border of a block.

mediumDefault

medium value represents medium sized border for the right side. thin≤medium≤thick

border-right-width: medium;

If the border-right-style is none then the border-right-width is of no use i.e. represents 0px.

thin

thin value defines thin line border for the right side.

border-right-width: thin;

If the border-right-style is none then the border-right-width is of no use i.e. represents 0px.

thick

thick value defines a thick line border for the right side.

border-right-width: thick;

If the border-right-style is none then the border-right-width is of no use i.e. represents 0px.

+ve length

length defines the line width of border for the right side. The used units might be px, in, em, pt.

length

border-right-width: 10px;

If the border-right-style is none then the border-right-width is of no use i.e. represents 0px.

CSS border-spacing

CSS border-spacing property represents the space between borders of table cells.

+ve lengthDefault

length value adds spacing between the borders of table cells. 0px represents both horizontal and vertical spacing.

border-spacing: 0px;

Score
Name Aggregate Degree
James 70% BCS
John 80% BIT
Chips 90% BSE

+ve length

one value determines both the horizontal and vertical spacing. There is 10px horizontal and vertical spacing.

border-spacing: 0px;

Score
Name Aggregate Degree
James 70% BCS
John 80% BIT
Chips 90% BSE

CSS border-start-end-radius

CSS border-start-end-radius is a logical property that defines the length of both horizontal and vertical radii for the start-end corner a box i.e. coverting sharp corners into round shape corners.

The selection of start-end corner depends upon the writing-mode

  • The start-end corner is top-right corner for the horizontal-tb writing-mode.

  • The start-end corner represents bottom-right or bottom-left corner for the vertical-rl or vertical-lr writing-mode respectively.

Learn more...

CSS border-start-start-radius

CSS border-start-start-radius is a logical property that defines the length of both horizontal and vertical radii for the start-start corner a box i.e. coverting sharp corners into round shape corners.

The selection of start-start corner depends upon the writing-mode

  • The start-start corner is top-left corner for the horizontal-tb writing-mode.

  • The start-start corner represents top-right or top-left corner for the vertical-rl or vertical-lr writing-mode respectively.

Learn more...

CSS border-style

CSS border-style is a shorthand property of border-top-style, border-right-style, border-bottom-style, and border-left-style properties. It defines the style for all the sides of a block.

noneDefault

It is the same as border-style: none none none none;.

border-style: none;

solid dotted

It is the same as border-style: solid dotted solid dotted;.

border-style: solid dotted;

solid dotted dashed

It is the same as border-style: solid dotted dashed dotted;.

border-style: solid dotted dashed;

none solid dotted dashed

It is the same as border-style: none solid dotted dashed;.

border-style: none solid dotted dashed;

CSS border-top

CSS border-top property defines the width, style, and color for the top side border of a box. It is a shorthand property of border-top-width, border-top-style, and border-top-color.

border-top : border-top-width    border-top-style    border-top-color;

CSS border-top-color

CSS border-top-color property defines color for the top side border of a box.

currentColorDefault

currentColor keyword represents the same color for the top side border as of text color.

border-top-color: currentColor;

If the border-right-style is none then the border-right-width is of no use i.e. represents 0px.

color-name

The following demo represents skyblue color for the top side border.

border-top-color: skyblue;

If the border-right-style is none then the border-right-width is of no use i.e. represents 0px.

rgb value

It represents rgb value of a color.

The hexadecimal value of red color for the top side border is given below.

border-top-color: rgb(255,0,0);

If the border-right-style is none then the border-right-width is of no use i.e. represents 0px.

hexadecimal value

It represents hexadecimal notation of red color.

The hexadecimal notation of blue color for the top side border is given below.

border-top-color: #0000ff;

If the border-right-style is none then the border-right-width is of no use i.e. represents 0px.

CSS border-top-left-radius

CSS border-top-left-radius property defines the length of both horizontal and vertical radii of bottom-right quarter of a box i.e. coverts sharp corners to rounded corners.

+ve length (in px)Default

It means the length of both horizontal and vertical radii is 0 for top-left corner.

border-top-left-radius: 0px;

+ve length (in percentage)

The length of the horizontal and vertical radii is 30% for top-left corner.

border-top-left-radius: 30%;

X-radius Y-radius (in px)

The length of horizontal and vertical radii is 40px and 20px respectively for top-left corner.

border-top-left-radius: 40px 20px;

X-radius Y-radius (in percentage)

The length of horizontal and vertical radii is 30% and 50% respectively for top-left corner.

border-top-left-radius: 30% 50%;

CSS border-top-right-radius

CSS border-top-right-radius property defines the length of both horizontal and vertical radii of bottom-right quarter of a box i.e. coverts sharp corners to rounded corners.

+ve length (in px)Default

It means the length of both horizontal and vertical radii is 0 for top-right corner.

border-top-right-radius: 0px;

+ve length (in percentage)

The length of the horizontal and vertical radii is 30% for top-right corner.

border-top-right-radius: 30%;

X-radius Y-radius (in px)

The length of horizontal and vertical radii is 40px and 20px respectively for top-right corner.

border-top-right-radius: 40px 20px;

X-radius Y-radius (in percentage)

The length of horizontal and vertical radii is 30% and 50% respectively for top-right corner.

border-top-right-radius: 30% 50%;

CSS border-top-style

CSS border-top-style property defines style for the top side border of a block.

noneDefault

There is no style. In this case, the color and width of top border are also ignored i.e. 0px border.

border-top-style: none;

CSS border-top-style property defines the color for the top side border of a block.

hidden

It is same as 'none' but resolve to different results for the border-collapse property in tables.

border-top-style: hidden;

CSS border-top-style property defines the color for the top side border of a block.

dashed

The top border consists of a series of square shaped dashes.

border-top-style: dashed;

CSS border-top-style property defines the color for the top side border of a block.

dotted

The top border consists of a series of round dots.

border-top-style: dotted;

CSS border-top-style property defines the color for the top side border of a block.

solid

The top border consists of a solid line.

border-top-style: solid;

CSS border-top-style property defines the color for the top side border of a block.

double

The top border consists of two lines. The total border-width equals to the two lines and space between them.

border-top-style: double;

CSS border-top-style property defines the color for the top side border of a block.

ridge

The content seems to be coming out of the canvas. It is obtained by producing the box-shadow from the two colors that are lighter and darker than the border-color.

The outer side of the top border is darker than the inner side of the top border.

border-top-style: ridge;

CSS border-top-style property defines the color for the top side border of a block.

groove

The content seems to be going into the canvas. It is obtained by producing the box-shadow from the two colors that are lighter and darker than the border-color.

The inner side of the top border is darker than the outer side of the top border.

border-top-style: ridge;

CSS border-top-style property defines the color for the top side border of a block.

CSS border-top-width

CSS border-top-width property defines width for the top side border of a block.

mediumDefault

medium value represents medium sized border for the top side. thin<medium<thick

border-top-width: medium;

If the border-top-style is none then the border-top-width is of no use i.e. represents 0px.

thin

thin value defines thin line border for the top side.

border-top-width: thin;

If the border-top-style is none then the border-top-width is of no use i.e. represents 0px.

thick

thick value defines a thick line border for the top side.

border-top-width: thick;

If the border-top-style is none then the border-top-width is of no use i.e. represents 0px.

length

length defines the line width of border for the top side. The used units might be px, in, em, pt.

border-top-width: 10px;

If the border-top-style is none then the border-top-width is of no use i.e. represents 0px.

CSS border-width

CSS border-width is a shorthand property of border-top-width, border-right-width, border-bottom-width, and border-left-width properties. It defines the width for all the sides of a block.

mediumDefault

It is the same as border-width: medium medium medium medium;

border-width: medium;

If the border-style is none then the border-width is of no use.

10px 15px

It is the same as border-width: 10px 15px 10px 15px;

border-width: 10px 15px;

If the border-style is none then the border-width is of no use.

10px 15px 20px

It is the same as border-width: 10px 15px 20px 15px;

border-width: 10px 15px 20px;

If the border-style is none then the border-width is of no use.

10px 15px 20px 25px

It is the same as border-width: 10px 15px 20px 25px;

border-width: 10px 15px 20px 25px;

If the border-style is none then the border-width is of no use.

CSS bottom

CSS bottom property represents the distance of bottom side of current box either from the bottom side of parent box or from the original position depending upon the value of position property.

The current element should have position property otherwise bottom property will not work. We have positioned the current element with position: absolute; property.

autoDefault

It does not replace the current box.

bottom: auto;

for position:absolute;

length

It represents the distance of the bottom side of the current box from the bottom side of the parent box.

The box is 50px away from the bottom side of the parent box (absolute position).

bottom: 50px;

for position:absolute;

percentage

Actually percentage represents height of the parent box.

The box is 20% away from the bottom side of the parent box (absolute position).

bottom: 20%;

for position:absolute;

CSS box-shadow

CSS box-shadow drops a shadow of a box. The shadow may be either inside or outside of a box.

1st length

It represents the offset of shadow along X-axis. right (+ve value) or left (-ve value) offset.

You may not observe the effect of horizontal offset along x-axis as long as you apply the next value.

box-shadow: 5px;

box-shadow: x-offset y-offset blur-radius spread-distance shadow-color [inset]

2nd length

It represents the offsetof shadow along Y-axis. bottom (+ve value) or top (-ve value) offset.

box-shadow: 5px 5px;

box-shadow: x-offset y-offset blur-radius spread-distance shadow-color [inset]

3rd length

It blurs the shadow. This value can't be negative.

box-shadow: 5px 5px 6px;

box-shadow: x-offset y-offset blur-radius spread-distance shadow-color [inset]

4th length

It expands the box-shadow in all directions.

box-shadow: 5px 5px 6px 4px;

box-shadow: x-offset y-offset blur-radius spread-distance shadow-color [inset]

shadow color

It specifies the color of box shadow.

box-shadow: 5px 5px 6px 4px rgba(255,0,0,1);

box-shadow: x-offset y-offset blur-radius spread-distance shadow-color [inset]

inset keyword

This 'inset' keyword transforms the box-shadow from outer side to inner side.

box-shadow: 5px 5px 6px 4px rgba(255,0,0,1) inset;

box-shadow: x-offset y-offset blur-radius spread-distance shadow-color [inset]

CSS box-sizing

CSS box-sizing property represents the box model of content. A box may include or exclude the border area as part of the box dimension.

content-boxDefault

The content-box counts the content area only i.e. border is not a part of the box's dimensions.

The height and width of the box include the content and padding areas only excluding the border area.

box-sizing: content-box;

See the box sizing model.

border-box

In this case, border-box includes the content area, padding area, and border area i.e. border is also a part of the box's dimensions.

The width and height of the border-box is the sum of content area, padding area and border area.

box-sizing: border-box;

See the box sizing model.

CSS caption-side

CSS caption-side represents the position of caption vertically. It might be at the top of table or at the bottom of table.

topDefault

It aligns the caption at the top of table.

caption-side: top;

Score
Name Aggregate Degree
John 70% BCS
James 80% BIT
Chips 90% BSE

bottom

It aligns the caption at the bottom of table.

caption-side: bottom;

Score
Name Aggregate Degree
John 70% BCS
James 80% BIT
Chips 90% BSE

CSS caret-color

CSS caret-color defines the color of the insertion cursor.

color-nameDefault

It defines black color of the caret.

caret-color: auto;

color-name

It defines red color of the caret.

caret-color: red;

rgb value

It is rgb notation of gree color. It represents green color of the caret.

caret-color: rgb(0,2550,0);

hexadecimal value

It is hexadecimal notation of blue color. It defines blue color of the caret.

caret-color: #0000ff;

CSS clear

CSS clear property decides whether the elements should be floated on either side of the floated element or not.

We'll take an example of three boxes. We will apply float property to all of the three boxes. And then we will check the behavior of clear property for the green box only.

noneDefault

If the elements are floating on either right or left side then none value allows the flow of other boxes on both sides of the current box.

clear: none;

This is the left block. Observe the effect of clear property for different values.
This is the inner block. Observe the effect of clear property for different values.
This is the right block. Observe the effect of clear property for different values.

left

If the boxes are floating on the left side then this value does not allow the flow of boxes on the left side of the current box.

There is no box on the left side of the green box.

clear: left;

This is the left block. Observe the effect of clear property for different values.
This is the inner block. Observe the effect of clear property for different values.
This is the right block. Observe the effect of clear property for different values.

right

If the boxes are floating on the left side then this value does not allow the flow of boxes on the right side of the current box.

There is no box on the right side of the green box.

clear: right;

This is the left block. Observe the effect of clear property for different values.
This is the inner block. Observe the effect of clear property for different values.
This is the right block. Observe the effect of clear property for different values.

CSS color

CSS color defines the color of text content.

color-nameDefault

The following demo represents skyblue text color.

color: black;

See the color of text

rgb value

It represents rgb value of a color. The hexadecimal value of red color is given below.

color: rgb(255,0,0);

See the color of text

hexadecimal value

It represents hexadecimal notation of red color. The hexadecimal notation of blue color is given below.

color: #0000ff;

See the color of text

CSS column-count

CSS column-count property represents the number of columns within a block.

autoDefault

In this case, the number of columns depend upon the column-width.

column-count: auto;

column count represents the number of columns and distributes the content among those columns

integer

integer value determines the number of columns in a block. 3 means three columns in a block.

column-count: 3;

column count represents the number of columns and distributes the content among those columns

CSS column-fill

CSS column-fill property defines whether the content should fill the columns equally or sequentially.

balanceDefault

It balances the content eqully between different columns.

column-fill: balance;

column count represents the number of columns and distributes the content among those columns

auto

It fills the content sequentially between columns.

column-fill: auto;

column count represents the number of columns and distributes the content among those columns

CSS column-gap

column-gap defines the space between two columns. And column-rule will appear in the middle (if present) of gap.

Negative values are not allowed.

normalDefault

It defines normal length i.e. 1em gap between columns.

column-gap: normal;

column count represents the number of columns and distributes the content among those columns

+ve length

+ve length defines space between two columns. 50px means there is 50px space between two columns.

column-gap: 50px;

column count represents the number of columns and distributes the content among those columns

CSS column-rule

It is a shorthand property of border-rule-width, border-rule-style, and border-rule-color properties.

column-rule : column-rule-width   column-rule-style   column-rule-color

CSS column-rule-color

CSS column-rule-color property defines the color of column-rule.

currentColorDefault

currentColor keyword represents the same color for the border as of text color.

column-rule-color: currentColor;

CSS column-rule-color property defines the color of column ruler.

color-name

The following demo represents skyblue color for border.

column-rule-color: skyblue;

CSS column-rule-color property defines the color of column ruler.

rgb value

It represents rgb value of a color. The hexadecimal value of red color for the border is given below.

column-rule-color: rgb(255,0,0);

CSS column-rule-color property defines the color of column ruler.

hexadecimal value

It represents hexadecimal notation of red color. The hexadecimal notation of blue color for the border is given below.

column-rule-color: #0000ff;

CSS column-rule-color property defines the color of column ruler.

CSS column-rule-style

CSS column-rule-style property defines the style of column-rule. This style is the same as of border-style.

noneDefault

There is no style. In this case, the color and width of border are also ignored i.e. 0px border.

column-rule-style: none;

CSS column-rule-style property defines the style of column ruler. This style is the same as of border-style.

hidden

It is same as 'none' but resolve to different results for the border-collapse property in tables.

column-rule-style: hidden;

CSS column-rule-style property defines the style of column ruler. This style is the same as of border-style.

dashed

The right border consists of a series of square shaped dashes.

column-rule-style: dashed;

CSS column-rule-style property defines the style of column ruler. This style is the same as of border-style.

dotted

The right border consists of a series of round dots.

column-rule-style: dotted;

CSS column-rule-style property defines the style of column ruler. This style is the same as of border-style.

solid

The right border consists of a solid line.

column-rule-style: solid;

CSS column-rule-style property defines the style of column ruler. This style is the same as of border-style.

double

The right border consists of two lines. The total border-width equals to the two lines and space between them.

column-rule-style: double;

CSS column-rule-style property defines the style of column ruler. This style is the same as of border-style.

ridge

The content seems to be coming out of the canvas. The half outer side of border is darker than border-block-end-color.

column-rule-style: ridge;

CSS column-rule-style property defines the style of column ruler. This style is the same as of border-style.

groove

The content seems to be going into the canvas. The half inner side of border is darker than border-block-end-color.

column-rule-style: groove;

CSS column-rule-style property defines the style of column ruler. This style is the same as of border-style.

CSS column-rule-width

CSS column-rule-width property defines the width of column-rule. The value may consist of keywords or an integer.

mediumDefault

medium value represents medium sized border for the top side. thin<medium<thick

column-rule-width: medium;

CSS column-rule-width property defines the width of column ruler. The value may consist of keywords or an integer.

thin

thin value defines thin line border for the top side.

column-rule-width: thin;

CSS column-rule-width property defines the width of column ruler. The value may consist of keywords or an integer.

thick

thick value defines a thick line border for the top side.

column-rule-width: thick;

CSS column-rule-width property defines the width of column ruler. The value may consist of keywords or an integer.

length

length defines the line width of border for the top side. The used units might be px, in, em, pt.

column-rule-width: 10px;

CSS column-rule-width property defines the width of column ruler. The value may consist of keywords or an integer.

CSS column-span

CSS column-span property decides whether an element should span the columns or not. We are applying this property to heading (<h3> <h3>) present in the content.

noneDefault

The element does not span any column and becomes a part of a column.

column-span: none;

CSS column-span property decides whether an element should span the columns or not

column-count

column-count distributes the content among those columns

all

all value allows an element to span all the columns of the nearest parent element.

column-span: all;

CSS column-span property decides whether an element should span the columns or not

column-count

column-count distributes the content among those columns

CSS column-width

CSS column-width property represents the width of a column within a block.

autoDefault

In this case, the width of columns is determined by the number of columns.

column-width: auto;

column count represents the number of columns and distributes the content among those columns

length

length determines the width of a column in a block. The total width of the box is 300px.

100px represents the width of a column. Three columns are covering the the full width of 300px.

column-width: 100px;

column count represents the number of columns and distributes the content among those columns

CSS columns

It is a shorthand property of column-width and column-count. It defines the number of columns as well as the width of columns.

columns : column-width   column-count

CSS content

CSS content property content inside an element or pseudo elements (::after, ::before, ::marker). The content might be a string or url of an image.

normalDefault

It computes to contents for an element. And it computes to inhibit for a pseudo element.

content: normal;

We are learning content property for normal and pseudo elements.

none

It does not add any content.

content: none;

We are learning content property for normal and pseudo elements.

string

It adds a string in pseudo elements (::before or ::after).

In the following demo, we add a string in the pseudo (::before) element.

content: "Note: ";

We are learning content property for normal and pseudo elements.

url(image-address)

It can add an image either as the content of pseudo elements or normal element.

In the following demo, we add an image in the ::before pseudo element.

content: url("img/web4college.png");

We are learning content property for normal and pseudo elements.

open-quote

In the following demo, we add a close-quote in the ::after pseudo element and open-quote in the ::before pseudo element.

content: open-quote;

We are learning content property for normal and pseudo elements.

close-quote

In the following demo, we add a close-quote in the ::after pseudo element and open-quote in the ::before pseudo element.

content: close-quote;

We are learning content property for normal and pseudo elements.

CSS cursor

auto

The shape of cursor depends upon the type of context. There will be text cursor over editable text field.

cursor: auto;

cursor shape

none

It does not add any content.

cursor: none;

cursor shape

context-menu

It adds a string in pseudo elements (::before or ::after).

In the following demo, we add a string in the pseudo (::before) element.

cursor: context-menu;

cursor shape

help

question mark like icon is present under the arrow.

cursor: help;

cursor shape

pointer

pointer icon represents a link.

cursor: pointer;

cursor shape

progress

represents the program is in progress mode.

cursor: progress;

cursor shape

wait

The program is busy and user should wait.

cursor: wait;

cursor shape

cell

represents selected data of cells. It looks like a thick plus ('+').

cursor: cell;

cursor shape

crosshair

indicates two dimensional bitmap selection. It looks like a thin cell.

cursor: crosshair;

cursor shape

text

indicates two dimensional bitmap selection. It looks like a thin cell.

cursor: text;

cursor shape

vertical-text

It indicates the selection of vertical text. It looks like horizontal I shape.

cursor: text;

cursor shape

alias

indicates shortcut to something. It consists of small curved arrow next to the cursor arrow.

cursor: alias;

cursor shape

copy

indicates something is to be copied.

cursor: copy;

cursor shape

move

The object is moveable or being dragged.

cursor: move;

cursor shape

not-allowed

The dragged object can't be place at the cursor location.

cursor: not-allowed;

cursor shape

grab

The object is draggable.

cursor: grab;

cursor shape

e-resize

The purpose of the *-resize values is to move the edge.

cursor: e-resize;

cursor shape

n-resize

north cursor

cursor: n-resize;

cursor shape

ne-resize

north cursor

cursor: ne-resize;

cursor shape

nw-resize

north-west cursor

cursor: nw-resize;

cursor shape

s-resize

south cursor

cursor: s-resize;

cursor shape

se-resize

south-east cursor

cursor: se-resize;

cursor shape

sw-resize

south-west cursor

cursor: sw-resize;

cursor shape

w-resize

west cursor

cursor: w-resize;

cursor shape

ew-resize

east-west cursor

cursor: ew-resize;

cursor shape

ns-resize

north-west cursor

cursor: nw-resize;

cursor shape

nesw-resize

north-east-south-west bidirection cursor.

cursor: nesw-resize;

cursor shape

nwse-resize

north-west-south-east bidirection cursor.

cursor: nesw-resize;

cursor shape

col-resize

column resizable

cursor: col-resize;

cursor shape

row-resize

row resizable

cursor: row-resize;

cursor shape

all-scroll

It indicates that an object can be scrolled.

cursor: all-scroll;

cursor shape

zoom-in

magnifying glass with +ve sign.

cursor: zoom-in;

cursor shape

zoom-out

magnifying glass with -ve sign.

cursor: zoom-out;

cursor shape

CSS direction

ltrDefault

It specifies the direction of content from left to right.

direction: ltr;

CSS direction property specifies the direction of bi-directional content either from left to right or right to left.

rtl

It specifies the direction of content from right to left.

direction: rtl;

CSS direction property specifies the direction of bi-directional content either from left to right or right to left.

CSS display

block

The element behaves as block-level element.

display: block;

CSS display property changes the behavior of element.

inline

The element behaves as inline-level element.

display: inline;

CSS display property changes the behavior of element.

table

The element behaves as table (<table> </table>) element.

display: table;

CSS display property changes the behavior of element.

flex

The element represents a flex container and constitutes all the flex properties.

display: flex;

CSS display property changes the behavior of element.

grid

The element represents a grid structure.

display: grid;

CSS display property changes the behavior of element.

table-row-group

In this case, the content that overflows vertically out of the box becomes invisible.

display: table-row-group;

CSS display property changes the behavior of element.

table-header-group

In this case, the content that overflows vertically out of the box becomes invisible.

display: table-header-group;

CSS display property changes the behavior of element.

table-footer-group

In this case, the content that overflows vertically out of the box becomes invisible.

display: table-footer-group;

CSS display property changes the behavior of element.

table-row

The element represents a table-row element (<tr>)

display: table-row;

CSS display property changes the behavior of element.

table-cell

The element represents a table-cell element (<td>)

display: table-cell;

CSS display property changes the behavior of element.

table-column-group

The element represents a table-column-group (<colgroup/> <colgroup/>).

display: table-column-group;

CSS display property changes the behavior of element.

table-column

The element represents a table-column-group (<col/> <col/>).

display: table-column;

CSS display property changes the behavior of element.

table-caption

It behaves the same way as caption element (<caption>).

display: table-caption;

CSS display property changes the behavior of element.

none

It does not display the element.

display: none;

inline-block

It behaves as block-level element but floating on the same line (if space available).

display: inline-block;

CSS display property changes the behavior of element.

inline-table

It behaves as table element but floating on the same line (if space available).

display: inline-table;

CSS display property changes the behavior of element.

inline-flex

It behaves as flex container but floating on the same line (if space available).

display: inline-flex;

CSS display property changes the behavior of element.

inline-grid

It behaves as grid container but floating on the same line (if space available).

display: inline-flex;

CSS display property changes the behavior of element.

empty-cells

CSS empty-cells property decides whether to show an empty cell or not.

showDefault

The table cell is visible even if there is no content within table cell.

Score
Name Aggregate Degree
James 70% BCS
Chris 80% BIT
John 90%

hide

The table cell is not visible when content is not present within table cell.

Score
Name Aggregate Degree
James 70% BCS
Chris 80% BIT
John 90%

CSS fill

CSS fill is a shorthand property of fill-color, fill-image, fill-origin, fill-position, fill-size, and fill-repeat properties.

But the current browsers accept only those values color values.

currentColorDefault

currentColor keyword represents the same fill as of text color.

fill: currentColor;

color-name

The following demo represents skyblue fill.

fill: skyblue;

rgb value

It represents rgb value of a color.

The rgb value of red fill is given below.

fill: rgb(255,0,0);

hexadecimal value

It represents hexadecimal notation of color.

The hexadecimal notation of blue fill is given below.

fill: #0000ff;

CSS filter

CSS filter property applies filter to an element. There are many functions that we can use to filter an element differently.

noneDefault

No filter is applied to the element.

filter: none;

Observe the transparent behavior due to filter

blur(+ve length)

It applies blur to an element.

It accepts only length value and not percentage value.

filter: blur(10px);

Observe the transparent behavior due to filter

brightness(+ve-length or +ve-percentage)

It determines the brightness of an element. 100% or 1 value does not affect the element while other values within the range (0-1 or 0%-100%) show an effect.

filter: brightness(50%);

Observe the transparent behavior due to filter

contrast(+ve-length or +ve-percentage)

It defines the contrast behavior of content. 100% value does not affect while the other values within the range (0-1 or 0%-100%) show a contrast behavior. 0% values show fully grayscale.

filter: contrast(50%);

Observe the transparent behavior due to filter

drop-shadow(X-offset   Y-offset   blur-radius   color)

It applies drop-shadow to the box (element). The parameter consists of horizontal-offset, vertical-offset, blur-radius, and color of the shadow.

filter: drop-shadow(5px 5px 5px rgba(230,230,230,1));

Observe the transparent behavior due to filter

grayscale(+ve-length or +ve-percentage)

It converts an element into grayscale. 100% value means full grayscale.

filter: grayscale(50%);

Observe the transparent behavior due to filter

hue-rotate(angle)

It represents hue rotation on the element. Actually, the parameter defines the number of degrees around the color circle to which the samle colors will be adjusted.

filter: hue-rotate(30deg);

Observe the transparent behavior due to filter

invert(+ve-length or +ve-percentage)

It completely inverts the sample of the element. The argument value defines the proportion of conversion. 0% does not affect the element. While 100% completely inverts the element.

filter: invert(50%);

Observe the transparent behavior due to filter

opacity(+ve-length or +ve-percentage)

It represents transparency of the object (element). 0% or 0 is fully opaque. And 100% or 1 is fully transparent.

filter: opacity(60%);

Observe the transparent behavior due to filter

sepia(+ve-length or +ve-percentage)

converts an input element or image to sepia. Values vary between 0% (0) and 100% (1).

filter: sepia(30%);

Observe the transparent behavior due to filter

CSS flex

CSS flex property is a shorthand property of flex-grow or flex-shrink and flex-basis.

flex : none | [flex-grow | flex-shrink ] flex-basis

CSS flex-basis

CSS flex-basis property behaves the same way as width of a box except it only specifies the width of content-box of flex item.

autoDefault

The width of content-box is resolved to fit the content completely.

flex-basis: auto;

#First 1

#Second 2

#Third 3

#Third 4

#Third 5

+ve integer

It specifies the width of the content-box of the flex item. Remember that this value does not include border-box and padding area.

#First 1

#Second 2

#Third 3

#Third 4

#Third 5

CSS flex-direction

CSS flex-direction property represents the direction of flow of flex items.

rowDefault

The progress of flow of content is from left to right i.e. main-start to main-end for horizontal writing mode.

flex-direction: row;

#First 1

#Second 2

#Third 3

row-reverse

The progress of flow of content is from right to left i.e. main-start and main-end are swapped for horizontal writing mode.

flex-direction: row-reverse;

#First 1

#Second 2

#Third 3

column

The progress of flow of content is from top to bottom i.e. cross-start to cross-end for horizontal writing mode.

flex-direction: column;

#First 1

#Second 2

#Third 3

column-reverse

The content flows from bottom to top i.e. cross-start and cross-end are swapped for horizontal writing mode.

flex-direction: column-reverse;

#First 1

#Second 2

#Third 3

CSS flex-flow

CSS flex-flow is a shorthand property of flex-direction and flex-wrap. Please go through the flex-direction and flex-wrap properties first.

flex-flow : flex-direction   flex-wrap

CSS flex-grow

CSS flex-grow determines how much the flex item should expand to fill the remaining space relative to the other flex items.

Negative values are not allowed.

+ve integerDefault

The flex items do not expand to fill the remaining space.

flex-grow: 0;

#First 1

#Second 2

#Third 3

#Third 4

#Third 5

+ve integer

The flex items expand to fill the free remaining space relative to the other items.

flex-grow: 1;

#First 1

#Second 2

#Third 3

#Third 4

#Third 5

CSS flex-shrink

CSS flex-shrink determines how much the flex item should shrink to fill the remaining space relative to the other flex items.

+ve integerDefault

The flex items shrink to fill the free remaining space relative to the other items.

flex-shrink: 1;

#First 1

#Second 2

#Third 3

#Third 4

#Third 5

+ve integer

The flex items do not shrink to fill the remaining space.

flex-shrink: 0;

#First 1

#Second 2

#Third 3

#Third 4

#Third 5

CSS flex-wrap

CSS flex-wrap determines whether the content flows across one line or multiple lines and direction of cross-axis. The cross-axis determines the direction in which new lines are stacked in.

nowrapDefault

The content flows across one line within flex-container.

#First 1

#Second 2

#Third 3

wrap

The content flows across multiple lines within flex-container.

#First 1

#Second 2

#Third 3

wrap-reverse

The content flows across multiple lines and the lines are stacked in reverse order i.e. the cross-axis is reversed.

#First 1

#Second 2

#Third 3

CSS float

CSS float property aligns an element on the left or right side. A floated inline-leve element behaves as block-level element.

noneDefault

The element does not float to any direction.

float: none;

Observe the effect of float property for different values.

left

The element floats on to the left side.

float: left;

Observe the effect of float property for different values.

right

The element floats on to the right side.

float: right;

Observe the effect of float property for different values.

CSS font

CSS font is a shorthand property of font-size, font-style, font-weight, font-variant, font-stretch, line-height, and font-family.

Some of the shorthand properties given in the syntax are not supported by the browsers.

font : font-style    font-variant    font-weight    font-stretch      font-size   /   line-height    font-family

CSS font-family

CSS font-family property defines the types of font faces that vary in size and shapes.

There are only five generic families such as serif, sans-serif, cursive, fantasy, and monospace. But each generic family has many other families (family-name).

serifDefault

The fonts that proportionaly-spaced and have thick or thin strokes than fonts.

font-family: serif;

We are learning the properties of fonts.

sans-serif

sans-serif means without sharp strokes. The fonts that have plain stroke endings i.e. there are sharp or cross strokes.

font-family: sans-serif;

We are learning the properties of fonts.

cursive

They are not formal type fonts. They look as if they have been written by a brush or hand.

font-family: cursive;

We are learning the properties of fonts.

fantasy

fantasy fonts are more decorative and contain expressive representation of characters.

font-family: fantasy;

We are learning the properties of fonts.

monospace

It looks like computer code. It represents text as if typed by a keyboard.

font-family: monospace;

We are learning the properties of fonts.

list of families

We may use comma separated list of family names. This list should end up with a generic-family.


And if one family is not rendered by the browser, the next one will be used. If all the families are not rendered by browser, the generic-family must be used.

font-family: courier, monospace;

We are learning the properties of fonts.

CSS font-feature-settings

CSS font-feature-settings property provides low-level control over font features. It provides font-features that are specifically used in rare cases.

The value consists of a string and a boolean. The boolean values (on, off or 1, 0) enables or disables the font-feature.

"dlig"Default

dlig represents discretionary ligatures

font-feature-settings: "dlig" 1;

We are learning the properties of fonts.

"smcp"

It represents small capitals.

font-feature-settings: "smcp" on;

We are learning the properties of fonts.

'c2sc'

It enables capitals to small capitals.

font-feature-settings: 'c2sc';

We are learning the properties of fonts.

"liga"

It disables common ligatures.

font-feature-settings: "liga" off;

We are learning the properties of fonts.

"tnum", 'hist'

It enables tabular numbers and historical forms.

font-feature-settings: "tnum", 'hist';

We are learning the properties of fonts.

"silly"

Tag is too long.

font-feature-settings: "silly" on;

We are learning the properties of fonts.

"PKRN"

It enables custom features.

font-feature-settings: "PKRN";

We are learning the properties of fonts.

CSS font-kerning

CSS font-kerning property adjusts the inter-glyph spacing. It utilizes adjustmnet data contained in the fonts.

autoDefault

It specifies that kerning is applied at the discretion.

font-kerning: auto;

We are learning the font-kerning i.e. the adjustmnet of space.

normal

kerning is applied.

font-kerning: normal;

We are learning the font-kerning i.e. the adjustmnet of space.

none

No kerning is applied.

font-kerning: none;

We are learning the font-kerning i.e. the adjustmnet of space.

CSS font-size

CSS font-size property specifies the size of font.

mediumDefault

It represents medium sized font.

font-size: medium;

See the font-size property

xx-small

transition starts its execution as soon as it starts.

font-size: xx-small;

See the font-size property

x-small

transition starts its execution as soon as it starts.

font-size: x-small;

See the font-size property

small

transition starts its execution as soon as it starts.

font-size: small;

See the font-size property

medium

transition starts its execution as soon as it starts.

font-size: medium;

See the font-size property

large

transition starts its execution as soon as it starts.

font-size: large;

See the font-size property

x-large

transition starts its execution as soon as it starts.

font-size: x-large;

See the font-size property

xx-large

transition starts its execution as soon as it starts.

font-size: xx-large;

See the font-size property

larger

transition starts its execution as soon as it starts.

font-size: larger;

See the font-size property

smaller

transition starts its execution as soon as it starts.

font-size: smaller;

See the font-size property

length

transition starts its execution as soon as it starts.

font-size: 22px;

See the font-size property

percentage

transition starts its execution as soon as it starts.

font-size: 150%;

See the font-size property

CSS font-style

CSS font-style property specifies italic or oblique styles.

normalDefault

none value adds no style to the font.

normal, italic, oblique

italic

italic style is cursive in nature.

normal, italic, oblique

oblique

It represents slanted text at some angle. It is actually a sloped version (at angle) of regular font.

normal, italic, oblique

CSS font-variant

CSS font-variant property selects italic or oblique styles. italic style is cursive in nature. While oblique is a sloped version (at angle) of regular font.

normal

none value adds no style to the font.

font-variant: normal;

normal, italic, oblique

italic

represents italic type font.

font-variant: italic;

normal, italic, oblique

oblique

It represents slanted text at some angle. Positive value of angle represents clockwise slant. And the negative one represents anti-clockwise slant. If there is no angle, it represents 14deg.

font-variant: normal;

normal, italic, oblique

CSS font-variant-caps

This property changes the position of characters vertically without shifting the baseline and displays them as subscript or superscript.

normalDefault

No features are added to the font.

font-variant-caps: normal;

Abc ABC 123 [bca] {abc} ; &!

small-caps

It transforms the text to uppercase form but with the smallest size as of lowercase letters. It enables small capitals.

font-variant-caps:small-caps;

Abc ABC 123 [bca] {abc} ; &!

all-small-caps

It enables display of small capitals for both uppercase and lowercase letters.

font-variant-caps: all-small-caps;

Abc ABC 123 [bca] {abc} ; &!

petite-caps

displays peptite capitals.

font-variant-caps: petite-caps;

Abc ABC 123 [bca] {abc} ; &!

all-petite-caps

displays peptite capitals for both uppercase and lowercase letters.

font-variant-caps: all-petite-caps;

Abc ABC 123 [bca] {abc} ; &!

unicase

displays mixture of small capitals for uppercase letters with normal lowercase letters.

font-variant-caps: unicase;

Abc ABC 123 [bca] {abc} ; &!

CSS font-variant-numeric

It affects the rendering of tabular data with fonts. It specifies control over numerical form of data.

normal

400 value represents a light weight font.

font-variant-numeric: normal;

409,280 2 1/3

lining-nums

700 value represents a bold weight font.

font-variant-numeric: lining-nums;

409,280 2 1/3

oldstyle-nums

700 value represents a bold weight font.

font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums;

409,280 2 1/3

proportional-nums

700 value represents a bold weight font.

font-variant-numeric: proportional-nums;

409,280 2 1/3

tabular-nums

700 value represents a bold weight font.

font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums;

409,280 2 1/3

diagonal-fractions

700 value represents a bold weight font.

font-variant-numeric: diagonal-fractions;

409,280 2 1/3

stacked-fractions

700 value represents a bold weight font.

font-variant-numeric: stacked-fractions;

409,280 2 1/3

ordinal

700 value represents a bold weight font.

font-variant-numeric: ordinal;

409,280 2 1/3

slashed-zero

700 value represents a bold weight font.

font-variant-numeric: slashed-zero;

409,280 2 1/3

CSS font-weight

CSS font-weight property defines the weight of fonts with their darkness and stroke thickness.

There is a scale of font-weight i.e. 100 to 900. As the value increases from 100 to 900, the font weight shifts from light to bold.

value

400 value represents a light weight font.

font-weight: 400;

We are learning the properties of fonts.

value

600 value represents a bold weight font.

font-weight: 600;

We are learning the properties of fonts.

normal

normal represents normal text. It is same as 400.

font-weight: normal;

We are learning the properties of fonts.

bold

represents bold text. It is same as 600.

font-weight: bold;

We are learning the properties of fonts.

bolder

It represents bolder font-weight than the inherited value.

font-weight: bolder;

We are learning the properties of fonts.

lighter

It represents lighter font weight than the inherited value.

font-weight: lighter;

We are learning the properties of fonts.

CSS gap

CSS gap property defines the distance between two columns or two rows. It is a shorthand property of row-gap and column-gap.

We take an example of a grid. And we'll see the gap between two rows or two columns.

gap : row-gap    column-gap

CSS grid

CSS grid sets both the explicit (grid-template-rows, grid-template-columns, grid-template-areas) and implicit (grid-auto-rows, grid-auto-columns) grid properties.

Its structure resembles 'grid-template' with additional 'auto-flow' properties.

grid : grid-template | grid-template-rows / [ grid-auto-flow] grid-auto-columns | [grid-auto-flow] grid-auto-rows / grid-template-columns

CSS grid-auto-columns

When we do not specify the grid-template-columns to place an item or we place an item beyond the number of a columns, the implicit tracks are automatically created to place an item. And 'grid-auto-columns' specifies the size of those implicit tracks.

For example, we have a grid with a first column of size 20px explicitly define by grid-template-columns.

What If want to place an item in the second column that was not defined explicitly?

In this case, the second column is defined automatically. We define the implicit track size of second column with grid-auto-columns.

autoDefault

The column occupies all the available space.

grid-auto-columns: auto;

grid-auto-column

track-size

The track size of second column is 40px defined implicitly. This pattern may be repeated to place more items in more columns.

grid-auto-columns: 40px;

grid-auto-column

track-size

The track size of second column is 120px defined implicitly.

grid-auto-columns: 120px;

grid-auto-column

CSS grid-auto-flow

CSS grid-auto-flow controls the placement of grid-items that were not placed by the grid-row or grid-column.

It allows the auto-placed items to get flowed into the unoccupied space. This unoccupied space may place the items in rows or columns depending upon the value of grid-auto-flow.

rowDefault

It automatically places an item in the row and finds the next row automatically to place an item in that row.

grid-auto-flow: row;

grid-auto-row
grid-auto-row

column

It automatically places an item in the column and finds the next column automatically to place an item in that row.

grid-auto-flow: column;

grid-auto-row
grid-auto-row

CSS grid-auto-rows

When we do not specify the grid-template-rows to place an item or we place an item beyond the number of rows of a grid, the implicit tracks are automatically created to place an item. And 'grid-auto-rows' specifies the size of those implicit tracks.

For example, we have a grid with a first rows of size 20px explicitly define by grid-template-rows.

What If want to place an item in the second row that was not defined explicitly?

In this case, the second row is defined automatically. We define the implicit track size of second row with grid-auto-rows.

autoDefault

The row occupies all the available space.

grid-auto-rows: auto;

grid-auto-row
grid-auto-row

track-size

The track size of second row is 40px defined implicitly. This pattern may be repeated to place more items in more columns.

grid-auto-rows: 40px;

grid-auto-row
grid-auto-row

track-size

The track size of second row is 120px defined implicitly.

grid-auto-rows: 120px;

grid-auto-row
grid-auto-row

CSS grid-area

CSS grid-area specifies an area on grid to place an item. It is either specified by four grid lines (grid-row-start, grid-column-start, grid-row-end, grid-column-end) or named-area (defined by grid-template-areas). If only one or two values are specified, the other values are set to auto.

We have a grid that consists of 3 rows, 3 columns, 4 horizontal grid lines and 4 vertical grid lines.

grid-area

grid-line/grid-line

'1/2' means the grid-row-start and grid-column-start are 1 and 2 respectively. The other two values are set to auto.

grid-area: 1/2;

grid-area

grid-line/grid-line/grid-line/grid-line

'2/3/2/3' means the grid-row-start, grid-column-start, grid-row-end, and grid-column-end are 2, 3, 2, and 3 respectively.

grid-area: 2/2/3/3;

grid-area

named-area

'c' is the name area that we'll use to place an item.

grid-area: c;

grid-area

CSS grid-column

CSS grid-column specifies the vertical grid lines to place an item in between. It is a shorthand property of grid-column-start and grid-column-end.

We have a grid that consists of 3 columns and 4 grid lines.

grid-column property

start/end

'1/2' means the item is placed between grid lines 1 and 2 i.e. within the first column.

grid-column: 1/2;

grid-column

start/end

'2/3' means the item is placed between grid lines 2 and 3 i.e. within the second column.

grid-column: 2/3;

grid-column

start/end

'3/4' means the item is placed between grid lines 3 and 4 i.e. within the third column.

grid-column: 3/4;

grid-column

start/span columns

The first value represents the grid line and the second value after the span represents the number of columns occupied by the item.

grid-column: 1/span 2;

grid-column

CSS grid-column-end

CSS grid-column-end represents vertical named or numbered grid line where the placement of an item ends.

We have a grid that consists of three (3) columns and four (4) grid lines. Suppose we have grid-column-start: 1; i.e. the placement of grid item starts from first grid line.

grid-column-start property

number

It represents the last grid line where the placement of an item ends.

'2' means the item is placed between grid line 1 to 2 i.e. within one column.

grid-column-end: 2;

We have a grid that consists of three columns and four grid lines. We place an item in one or more columns.

number

'3' means the item is placed between grid line 1 to 3 i.e. within two columns.

grid-column-end: 3;

We have a grid that consists of three columns and four grid lines. We place an item in one or more columns.

number

'4' means the item is placed between grid line 1 to 4 i.e. within three columns. Now, the item occupies the whole grid.

grid-column-end: 4;

We have a grid that consists of three columns and four grid lines. We place an item in one or more columns.

CSS grid-column-start

CSS grid-column-start represents vertical named or numbered grid line where the placement of an item starts.

We have a grid that consists of three (3) columns and four (4) grid lines. Suppose we have grid-column-end: 4; i.e. the placement of grid item ends at grid line 4.

grid-column-start property

number

It represents the last grid line where the placement of an item ends.

'3' means the item is placed between grid line 3 to 4 i.e. within last one column.

grid-column-start: 3;

We have a grid that consists of three columns and four grid lines. We place an item in one or more columns.

number

'2' means the item is placed between grid line 2 to 4 i.e. within last two columns.

grid-column-start: 2;

We have a grid that consists of three columns and four grid lines. We place an item in one or more columns.

number

'1' means the item is placed between grid line 1 to 4 i.e. within last three columns. Now, the item occupies the whole grid.

grid-column-start: 1;

We have a grid that consists of three columns and four grid lines. We place an item in one or more columns.

CSS grid-row

start/end

'1/2' means the item is placed between grid lines 1 and 2 i.e. within the first row.

grid-row: 1/2;

CSS grid-row specifies the horizontal grid lines to place an item in between. It is a shorthand property of grid-row-start and grid-row-end.

start/end

'2/3' means the item is placed between grid lines 2 and 3 i.e. within the second row.

grid-row: 2/3;

CSS grid-row specifies the horizontal grid lines to place an item in between. It is a shorthand property of grid-row-start and grid-row-end.

start/end

'3/4' means the item is placed between grid lines 3 and 4 i.e. within the third row.

grid-row: 3/4;

CSS grid-row specifies the horizontal grid lines to place an item in between. It is a shorthand property of grid-row-start and grid-row-end.

start/span columns

The first value represents the grid line and the second value after the span represents the number of rows occupied by the item.

grid-row: 1/span 2 ;

CSS grid-row specifies the horizontal grid lines to place an item in between. It is a shorthand property of grid-row-start and grid-row-end.

CSS grid-row-end

CSS grid-row-end represents horizontal named or numbered grid line where the placement of an item ends.

We have a grid that consists of three (3) rows and four (4) grid lines. Suppose we have grid-row-start: 1; i.e. the placement of grid item starts from first grid line.


grid-row-end property

number

It represents the last grid line where the placement of an item ends.

'2' means the item is placed between grid line 1 to 2 i.e. within one row.

grid-row-end: 2;

We have a grid that consists of three rows and four grid lines. We place an item in one or more rows.

number

'3' means the item is placed between grid line 1 to 3 i.e. within two rows.

grid-row-end: 3;

We have a grid that consists of three rows and four grid lines. We place an item in one or more rows.

number

'4' means the item is placed between grid line 1 to 4 i.e. within three rows. Now, the item occupies the whole grid.

grid-row-end: 4;

We have a grid that consists of three rows and four grid lines. We place an item in one or more rows.

CSS grid-row-start

number

It represents the last grid line where the placement of an item ends.

'3' means the item is placed between grid line 3 to 4 i.e. within last one column.

grid-row-start: 3;

We have a grid that consists of three rows and four grid lines. We place an item in one or more rows.

number

'2' means the item is placed between grid line 2 to 4 i.e. within last two rows.

grid-row-start: 2;

We have a grid that consists of three rows and four grid lines. We place an item in one or more rows.

number

'1' means the item is placed between grid line 1 to 4 i.e. within last three rows. Now, the item occupies the whole grid.

grid-row-start: 1;

We have a grid that consists of three rows and four grid lines. We place an item in one or more rows.

CSS grid-template

It is a shorthand property of grid-template-areas, grid-template-column, and grid-template-rows.

We have a grid structure that contains 4 columns and 3 rows. we'll define different areas and place an item in one of those areas. The value consists of strings for the sake of understanding.

grid-template : none | [ grid-template-rows  /  grid-template-columns ] | [ line-name   grid-area   track-size ]+  /  track-list

CSS grid-template-areas

CSS grid-template-areas represents named areas withing a grid. These grid areas may consist of more than one cells. These named grid areas are used to place the items.

We have a grid structure that contains 4 columns and 3 rows. we define different areas in the grid and place an item in one of those areas (a, b, c, d, e, f).

For example, we are placing an item in the 'b' area.

strings

We are observing an item that occupies the area 'b'. 'b' area consists of two cells in the first row.

grid-template-areas: "a a b b" "c c d d" "e e f f";

grid-template-areas consists of more than one cells.

strings

'b' area is occupying the three cells in the second row.

grid-template-areas: "a a a a" "b b b c" "d d e f";

We have a grid that consists of three rows and four grid lines. We place an item in one or more rows.

strings

'b' area is occupying four cells in the last row.

grid-template-areas: "a a a a" "c d e f" "b b b b";

We have a grid that consists of three rows and four grid lines. We place an item in one or more rows.

CSS grid-template-columns

CSS grid-template-columns represents number of columns with their sizes. Columns are separated with a space.

In the following demo, we have a grid item (green box) that occupies the second column of the grid i.e. from grid line 2 to 3. We'll specify variable number of columns with different sizes in the grid.

col1 col2Default

The grid consists of two columns each with 50% width. The item occupies the second column (50%).

template-columns

grid-template-columns: 50% 50%;

It represents number of columns with their sizes. columns are separated with a space.

col1 col2 col3

The grid consists of three columns with 20px, 30%, and 1fr sizes. 1fr means remaining fractional size. The item occupies the second column (30%).

template-columns

grid-template-columns: 20px 30% 1fr;

It represents number of columns with their sizes. columns are separated with a space.

col1 col2 col3

The grid consists of three columns with 30px, 50px, and 1fr sizes. The item occupies the second column (50px).

template-columns

grid-template-columns: 30px 50px 1fr;

It represents number of columns with their sizes. columns are separated with a space.

CSS grid-template-rows

CSS grid-template-rows represents number of rows with their sizes. Rows are separated with a space.

In the following demo, we have a grid item (green box) that occupies the second row of the grid i.e. from grid line 2 to 3. We'll specify variable number of rows with different sizes in the grid.

row1 row2Default

The grid consists of two rows each with 50% width. The item occupies the second row (50%).

template-rows

grid-template-rows: 50% 50%;

It represents number of rows with their sizes. Rows are separated with a space.

row1 row2 row3

The grid consists of three rows with 20px, 30%, and 1fr sizes. 1fr means remaining fractional size. The item occupies the second row (30%).

three rows grid

grid-template-rows: 20px 30% 1fr;

It represents number of rows with their sizes. Rows are separated with a space.

row1 row2 row3

The grid consists of three rows with 20px, 50px, and 1fr sizes. The item occupies the second row (50px).

three rows grid

grid-template-rows: 20px 50px 1fr;

It represents number of rows with their sizes. Rows are separated with a space.

CSS height

CSS height property defines physical height of an element (box). The length units might be px, em, pt, in.

auto

auto value means the height will be changed automatically according to the content.

height: auto;

We are learning height property for different values such as min-height, max-height, and length.

length

The height of an element should be at least 30px.

height: 300px;

We are learning height property for different values such as min-height, max-height, and length.

percentage

The height of an element should be 30% of the parent box.

height: 30%;

We are learning height property for different values such as min-height, max-height, and length.

min-content

min-content value represents that the height of an element must be equal to or greater than the largest minimum height of some descendant item i.e. it depends upon the minimum size of child element.

In this case, the min-height of descendant element is 100px.

height: min-content;

We are learning height property for different values such as min-height, max-height, and length.

max-content

max-content value means the height of an element must be equal to or greater than the largest maximum height of some descendant item i.e. it depends upon the miximum size of child element.

In this case, the max-height of descendant element is 200px.

height: max-content;

We are learning height property for different values such as min-height, max-height, and length.

CSS inline-size

CSS inline-size property defines width or height for an element. The selection of height or width depends upon the writing-mode.

  • The inline-size behaves as width for the horizontal-tb writing-mode.

  • The inline-size behaves as height for the vertical-* writing-mode.

autoDefault

auto value means the size will be changed automatically according to the content.

inline-size: auto;

We are learning inline-size property for different values of writing-mode.

writing-mode: horizontal-tb;

We are learning inline-size property for different values of writing-mode.

writing-mode: vertical-lr;

We are learning inline-size property for different values of writing-mode.

writing-mode: vertical-rl;

+ve length

The inline-size of an element should be at least 300px.

inline-size: 300px;

inline-size

writing-mode: horizontal-tb;

inline-size

writing-mode: vertical-lr;

inline-size

writing-mode: vertical-rl;

+ve percentage

The size of an element should be 30% of the parent box.

inline-size: 30%;

inline-size

writing-mode: horizontal-tb;

inline-size

writing-mode: vertical-lr;

inline-size

writing-mode: vertical-rl;

CSS justify-content

CSS justify-content property aligns the content horizontally (along main/inline/row axis).

normalDefault

It stretches out the descendant elements to fill the height completely.

justify-content: normal;

#First 1

#Second 2

#Third 3

baseline

It aligns multiple objects (elements) on same shared space such as cells within a row.

justify-content: baseline;

#First 1

#Second 2

#Third 3

center

It aligns the content elements at the middle of cotainer.

justify-content: center;

#First 1

#Second 2

#Third 3

stretch

It stretches all of the objects (elements) in such a way that they occupy the full height of the container.

justify-content: stretch;

#First 1

#Second 2

#Third 3

flex-start

flex-start aligns the content at the start of flex container.

justify-content: flex-start;

#First 1

#Second 2

#Third 3

flex-end

flex-start aligns the content at the start of flex container.

justify-content: flex-end;

#First 1

#Second 2

#Third 3

space-between

flex-start aligns the content at the start of flex container.

justify-content: space-between;

#First 1

#Second 2

#Third 3

space-around

The objects are distributed in such a way that there is same space between the objects except at the start and end of the container.

There is half sized space (half of the space that is between any two objects) before the first object and after the last object.

justify-content: space-around;

#First 1

#Second 2

#Third 3

space-evenly

It adjusts the alignment of objects so as to distribute equal space between and around the objects.

#First 1

#Second 2

#Third 3

CSS justify-items

CSS justify-items property aligns child items horizontally (main/inline/row axis) within its container by adjusting the margins. We are using a grid container as an example.

autoDefault

It stretches out the element vertically to fill the width of container completely.

justify-items: auto;

#First 1

baseline

It aligns the element on the baseline.

justify-items: baseline;

#First 1

center

It aligns the content at the middle of cotainer.

justify-items: center;

#First 1

stretch

It stretches the element so as fill the width of container completely.

justify-items: stretch;

#First 1

flex-start

flex-start aligns the current element at the start of flex container.

justify-items: flex-start;

#First 1

flex-end

flex-end aligns the current element at the end of the flex container.

justify-items: flex-end;

#First 1

justify-self

autoDefault

It stretches out the element vertically to fill the width of container completely.

justify-self: auto;

#First 1

baseline

It aligns the element on the baseline.

justify-self: baseline;

#First 1

center

It aligns the content at the middle of cotainer.

justify-self: center;

#First 1

stretch

It stretches the element so as fill the width of container completely.

justify-self: stretch;

#First 1

flex-start

flex-start aligns the current element at the start of flex container.

justify-self: flex-start;

#First 1

flex-end

flex-end aligns the current element at the end of the flex container.

justify-self: flex-end;

#First 1

CSS left

CSS left property represents the distance of left side of current box either from the left side of parent box or from the original position depending upon the value of position property.

The current element should have position property otherwise left property will not work. We apply position:absolute; property to the current element.

autoDefault

It does not replace the current box.

left: auto;

for position:absolute;

length

It represents the distance of the left side of the current box from the left side of the parent box.

The box is 100px away from the left side of the parent box (absolute position).

left: 100px;

for position:absolute;

percentage

Actually percentage represents height of the parent box.

The box is 20% away from the left side of the parent box (absolute position).

left: 20%;

for position:absolute;

CSS letter-spacing

CSS letter-spacing adds additional space between the letters.

normalDefault

In this case, no additional space is added i.e. it computes to 0 additional space.

letter-spacing: normal;

It is the representing the space between letters.

length

It adds 4px additional spacing between typographic units (letters, images, inline blocks) thus expanding the space.

letter-spacing: 4px;

It is the representing the space between letters.

line-height property

CSS line-height adds additional space between the lines of text.

normalDefault

In this case, no additional space is added i.e. it computes to 0 additional space.

line-height: normal;

It is the representing the space between lines.

length

It adds 40px vertical additional spacing between lines of text.

line-height: 40px;

It is the representing the space between lines.

percentage

percentage value represents the percentage of default line-height.

line-height: 140%;

It is the representing the space between lines.

CSS list-style

CSS list-style is a shorthand property of list-style-type, list-style-position, and list-style-image.

list-style : list-style-type    list-style-position    list-style-image

CSS list-style-image

CSS list-style-image adds an image as the content of list item markers.

noneDefault

no image is used as the content of list item markers. In this case, list-style-type defines the type of list item markers.

list-style-image: none;

  • First item
  • Second item
  • Third item

url(image-address)

It defines the address of the image that is used as the content of list item markers.

list-style-image: url('img/web4college.png');

  • First item
  • Second item
  • Third item

CSS list-style-position

outside Default

The table cell is visible even if there is no content within table cell.

list-style-position: outside;

  • See the effect of both type of positions. 'inside' makes markers part of list item.
  • See the effect of both type of positions. 'inside' makes markers part of list item.

inside

In this case, the markers become a part of the list item content.

list-style-position: inside;

  • See the effect of both type of positions. 'inside' makes markers part of list item.
  • See the effect of both type of positions. 'inside' makes markers part of list item.

CSS list-style-type

CSS list-style-type defines the type of list item markers.

discDefault

disc as item markers.

list-style-type: disc;

  • First item
  • Second item
  • Third item

circle

circle as item markers.

list-style-type: circle;

  • First item
  • Second item
  • Third item

decimal

decimal number as item markers

list-style-type: decimal;

  • First item
  • Second item
  • Third item

decimal-leading-zero

decimal number as item markers with leading zero.

list-style-type: decimal-leading-zero;

  • First item
  • Second item
  • Third item

lower-roman

lower roman numbers as item markers

list-style-type: lower-roman;

  • First item
  • Second item
  • Third item

upper-roman

upper roman numbers as item markers.

list-style-type: upper-roman;

  • First item
  • Second item
  • Third item

lower-greek

lower greek letters as item markers

list-style-type: lower-greek;

  • First item
  • Second item
  • Third item

lower-latin

lower case latin letters as item markers

list-style-type: lower-latin;

  • First item
  • Second item
  • Third item

upper-latin

upper case latin letters as item markers

list-style-type: upper-latin;

  • First item
  • Second item
  • Third item

lower-alpha

lower alphabets as item markers.

list-style-type: lower-alpha;

  • First item
  • Second item
  • Third item

upper-alpha

upper aphabets as item markers

list-style-type: upper-alpha;

  • First item
  • Second item
  • Third item

armenian

armenian letters as item markers

list-style-type: armenian;

  • First item
  • Second item
  • Third item

georgian

georgian letters as item markers

list-style-type: georgian;

  • First item
  • Second item
  • Third item

CSS margin

It is a shorthand property that represents margin area around the border box. It is a shorthand property of margin-top, margin-right, margin-bottom, and margin-left properties.

margin : margin-top    margin-right    margin-bottom    margin-left

CSS margin-block

It is a logical property that defines space at the start and end sides of a block. The selection of start side depends on the writing-mode.

  • It behaves like margin-top and margin-bottom for the horizontal-tb writing mode.

  • It behaves like margin-right and margin-left for the vertical-* writing-mode respectively.

margin-block : margin-block-start    margin-block-end

CSS margin-block-end

It is a logical property that defines space at the end side of a block. The selection of start side depends on the writing-mode.

  • It behaves like margin-bottom for the horizontal-tb writing mode.

  • It behaves like margin-right or margin-left for the vertical-lr and vertical-rl writing-mode respectively.

Learn more

CSS margin-block-start

It is a logical property that defines space at the start side of a block. The selection of start side depends on the writing-mode.

  • It behaves like margin-top for the horizontal-tb writing mode.

  • It behaves like margin-right or margin-left for the vertical-rl and vertical-lr writing-mode respectively.

CSS margin-bottom

It is a longhand property that represents margin area on the bottom side of the border box.

We are applying margin-bottom property to the red border box.

lengthDefault

There is no thickness of the margin area on the bottom side of the border box.

margin-bottom: 0;

It is a block-level element.
This text flows below the block-level box.

+ve length

There is 20px space on the bottom side of the box.

margin-bottom: 20px;

It is a block-level element.
This text flows below the block-level box.

-ve length

The space on the bottom side of the border decreases by 20px i.e. the content below this box may merge into this box.

margin-bottom: -20px;

It is a block-level element.
This text flows below the block-level box.

CSS margin-inline

It is a logical property that defines space at the start and end sides of a inline. The selection of start side depends on the writing-mode.

  • It behaves like margin-top and margin-bottom for the horizontal-tb writing mode.

  • It behaves like margin-right and margin-left for the vertical-* writing-mode respectively.

margin-inline : margin-inline-start    margin-inline-end

CSS margin-inline-end

It is a logical property that defines space at the end side of a inline. The selection of start side depends on the writing-mode.

  • It behaves like margin-bottom for the horizontal-tb writing mode.

  • It behaves like margin-right or margin-left for the vertical-lr and vertical-rl writing-mode respectively.

CSS margin-inline-start

It is a logical property that defines space at the start side of a inline. The selection of start side depends on the writing-mode.

  • It behaves like margin-left for the horizontal-tb writing mode.

  • It behaves like margin-bottom or margin-top for the vertical-rl and vertical-lr writing-mode respectively.

CSS margin-left

It is a longhand property that represents margin area on the left side of the border box.

0 length

There is no thickness of the margin area on the left side of the border box.

margin-left: 0;

+ve length

There is 20px space on the left side of the box.

margin-left: 20px;

-ve length

The space on the left side of the border decreases by 20px i.e. it may move on the left side.

margin-left: -20px;

CSS margin-right

It is a longhand property that represents margin area on the right side of the border box.

We are applying margin-right to the red border box.

0 length

There is no thickness of the margin area on the right side of the border box.

margin-right: 0;

This is an inline element. This text is after the inline-block level element

+ve length

There is 20px space on the right side of the box.

margin-right: 20px;

This is an inline element. This text is after the inline-block level element

-ve length

The space on the right side of the border decreases by 20px i.e. the content on the right side may merge into this box.

margin-right: -20px;

This is an inline element. This text is after the inline-block level element

CSS margin-top

It is a longhand property that represents margin area above the top border of the box i.e. the influence range above the box.

lengthDefault

There is no thickness of the margin area on the top side of the border box.

margin-top: 0;

It is a longhand property that represents margin area above the top border of the box i.e. the influencing range above the box.

+ve length

There is 20px space on the top side of the box.

margin-top: 20px;

It is a longhand property that represents margin area above the top border of the box i.e. the influencing range above the box.

-ve length

The space on the top side of the border decreases by 20px i.e. it may move upwards.

margin-top: -20px;

It is a longhand property that represents margin area above the top border of the box i.e. the influencing range above the box.

CSS marker

CSS marker property draws a marker at all the vertices of markable elements. In short, it sets the values for marker-start, marker-end, ane marker-mid.

noneDefault

It does not add any marker at the vertices.

marker: none;

marker-reference

It draws a marker at all the vertices of markable element.

marker: url(#Triangle);

CSS marker-end

CSS marker-end property draws a marker at the last vertices of markable elements.

noneDefault

IIt does not add any marker at the last vertices of markable element.

marker-end: none;

marker-reference

It draws a marker at the last vertices of markable element.

marker-end: url(#Triangle);

CSS marker-mid

CSS marker-mid property draws a marker at the all the vertices (except the first and last vertices) of markable elements.

noneDefault

It does not add any marker at the vertices.

marker-mid: none;

marker-reference

It draws a marker at all the vertices of markable elements except the first and last vertices.

marker-mid: url(#Triangle);

CSS marker-start

CSS marker-start property draws a marker at the first vertices of markable elements.

noneDefault

It does not add any marker at the first vertices of markable element.

marker-start: none;

marker-reference

It draws a marker at the first vertices of markable element.

marker-start: url(#Triangle);

CSS mask

CSS mask is a shorthand property of mask-image, mask-position, mask-size, mask-repeat, mask-origin, mask-clip properties.

mask : mask-image    mask-position    mask-size    mask-repeat    mask-origin    mask-clip

CSS mask-composite

CSS mask-composite property defines multiple composite operations to combine multi mask layers.

The first url layer is at the top i.e. close to the user. The last url is at the bottom of all the layers i.e. far away from the user.

In the demo, the circle is closer to the user than the square shape. Then the source layer is the circle while the square is the destination layer.

addDefault

The source layer is placed over the target layer.

mask-composite: add;

subtract

The destination mask layer will be subtracted from the source layer and then only the remaining source layer is visible.

mask-composite: subtract;

intersect

Only the intersected portion of both layers is visible.

mask-composite: intersect;

exclude

It is opposite to that of 'intersect' i.e. the portions of both layers that don't intersect are visible.

mask-composite: exclude;

clear

It does not enable any layer.

mask-composite: clear;

copy

Only the source layer is visible.

mask-composite: copy;

source-over

It places the source layer over the destination layer.

mask-composite: source-over;

destination-over

It places the destination layer over the source layer.

mask-composite: destination-over;

source-in

represents only the source area that overlaps the destination layer.

mask-composite: source-in;

destination-in

represents only the destination area that overlaps the source layer.

mask-composite: destination-in;

source-out

It represents the portion of source layer that falls outside the overlapping area.

mask-composite: source-out;

destination-out

It represents the portion of destination layer that falls outside the overlapping area.

mask-composite: destination-out;

source-atop

It represents both the overlapping area and destination area.

mask-composite: source-atop;

destination-atop

It represents both the overlapping area and source area.

mask-composite: destination-atop;

xor

The non-overlapping regions of both the source and destination layers.

mask-composite: xor;

CSS mask-clip

CSS mask-clip property specifies the area affected by the mask.

border-boxDefault

There is no thickness of the margin area on the top side of the border box.

mask-clip: border-box;

CSS mask-clip property specifies the area affected by the mask

padding-box

In this case, the mask of the areas that are within padding-box are painted such as the padding and content areas.

mask-clip: padding-box;

CSS mask-clip property specifies the area affected by the mask

content-box

Only mask of content-area is painted i.e. excluding the other two areas.

mask-clip: content-box;

CSS mask-clip property specifies the area affected by the mask

CSS mask-image

CSS mask-image property adds an image as the mask of an element.

We will apply mask to a green box in the demo.

noneDefault

It does not add any mask to an element.

mask-image: none;

border-boxDefault

It adds an image as the mask.

mask-image: url(img/web4college.png);

CSS mask-origin

CSS mask-origin property specifies the position of mask image with respect to different components of box model i.e. we define a point where we start measuring for the mask position.

padding-boxDefault

The mask image is positioned relative to the padding box.

mask-origin: padding-box;

The image may be positioned with respect to any of the box area i.e. border, padding, and area box.

border-box

The mask image is positioned relative to the border box.

mask-origin: border-box;

The image may be positioned with respect to any of the box area i.e. border, padding, and area box.

content-box

The mask image is positioned relative to the content box.

mask-origin: content-box;

The image may be positioned with respect to any of the box area i.e. border, padding, and area box.

CSS mask-position

The mask images can be positioned within mask positioning area by using the keywords or percentage values given below.

There are always two values of mask-position (horizontal and vertical offset). If only one value is specified the other one is assumed to be 50% or center.

X-offset Y-offsetDefault

Horizontal offset is 0% which means 0% width of the mask image is under 0% width of the mask positioning area from the left side.

Vertical offset is 0% which means that 0% height of the mask image is under 70% height of the mask positioning area from the top side.

mask-position: 0% 0%;

X-offset Y-offset

Horizontal offset is 40% which means 40% width of the mask image is under 40% width of the mask positioning area from the left side.

Vertical offset is 70% which means that 70% height of the mask image is under 70% height of the mask positioning area from the top side.

mask-position: 40% 70%;

XY-offset

This one value represents both vertical and horizontal offsets.

For examples, 30% value means 30% is horizontal offset and 50% is vertical offset (default). It computes to 30% 50%.

mask-position: 30%;

left

The mask image is aligned on the left side horizontally (first value is 0%). And it is aligned at the center vertically (default). It computes to 0% 50%.

mask-position: left;

center

This value aligns the mask image horizontally and vertically at the center. It computes to 50% 50%.

mask-position: center;

right

This value aligns the mask image horizontally on the right side (first value is 100%). It computes to 100% 50%

mask-position: right;

top

top value vertically aligns the mask image at the top (second value is 0%). It computes to 50% 0%.

mask-position: top;

bottom

bottom value aligns an image vertically at the bottom (second value is 100%). It computes to 50% 100%.

mask-position: bottom;

CSS mask-repeat

CSS mask-repeat specifies how the mask images are placed after they have been sized and positioned.

repeatDefault

The mask mask image is repeated along both axes to fill the painting area completely. It is the same as repeat repeat.

mask-repeat: repeat;

no-repeat

The mask image should not be repeated to fill the painting area.

mask-repeat: no-repeat;

repeat-x

The mask image is repeated along x-axis only. It is the same as repeat no-repeat

mask-repeat: repeat-x;

repeat-y

The mask image is repeated along y-axis only. It is the same as no-repeat repeat

mask-repeat: repeat-y;

space

In this case, the mask images are repeated and spaced out (kept at a distance) so as to fill the painting area completely. The first and last mask images must touch the corners of the painting area.

mask-repeat: space;

round

The image is repeated untill it fills the background painting area. If it does not fit the painting area a whole number of times, the mask image is rescaled so as to fit the area.

mask-repeat: round;

CSS mask-size

CSS mask-size property defines the size of mask image on the mask painting area.

autoDefault

The size of mask image is automatically calculated.

mask-size: auto;

contain

The image is rescaled to the largest size such that both sides of the image fit inside the mask painting area while preserving the aspect ratio.

mask-size: contain;

cover

The image is rescaled to the smallest size such that it covers the mask painting area completely while preserving the aspect ratio.

mask-size: cover;

length

We specify fixed length for the mask image size.

mask-size: 20px;

length

It represents the image size as the percentage of mask painting area.

30% means the mask image occupies the 30% of element. And three images can fill the painting area of element with this size.

mask-size: 30%;

CSS max-block-size

CSS max-block-size specifies the maximum block-size of an element.

When the content overflows the block-size, it adds a vertical scroll bar to the element.

  • It behaves like max-width for the horizontal-tb writing mode.

  • It behaves like max-height for the vertical-* writing-mode.

Learn more...

CSS max-height

CSS max-height specifies the maximum height of an element.

When the content overflows the height, it adds a vertical scroll bar to the element.

noneDefault

No limit of height is applied to an element.

max-height: none;

This is the first child element.

This is the second child element.

min-content

min-content value specifies the largest minimum height of some descendant item.

The height of the current element will be equal to the descendant element that has smallest height.

max-height: min-content;

This is the first child element.

This is the second child element.

max-content

max-content value represents that the largest maximum height of some descendant item.

The height of the current element will be equal to the descendant element that has largest height.

max-height: max-content;

This is the first child element.

This is the second child element.

length

length value specifies the maximum height of the element.

30px value means the height of an element can't exceed 30px no matter how much content is inside this element.

max-height: 30px;

This is the first child element.

This is the second child element.

auto

auto value means the height will be changed automatically according to the content.

max-height: auto;

This is the first child element.

This is the second child element.

CSS max-inline-size

CSS max-inline-size specifies the maximum inline-size of an element.

When the content overflows the inline-size, it adds a vertical scroll bar to the element.

  • It behaves like max-height for the horizontal-tb writing mode.

  • It behaves like max-width for the vertical-* writing-mode.

CSS max-width

noneDefault

No limit of width is applied to an element.

max-width: none;

This is the first child element.

This is the second child element.

min-content

min-content value specifies the largest minimum width of some descendant item.

max-width: min-content;

This is the first child element.

This is the second child element.

max-content

min-content value specifies the largest minimum width of some descendant item.

max-width: max-content;

This is the first child element.

This is the second child element.

+ve length

30px value specifies the maximum width of the element.

max-width: 30px;

This is the first child element.

This is the second child element.

+ve percentage

30% means the width of current box can not exceed 30% of the parent box.

max-width: 30%;

This is the first child element.

This is the second child element.

auto

auto value means the width will be changed automatically according to the content.

max-width: auto;

This is the first child element.

This is the second child element.

CSS min-block-size

CSS min-block-size specifies the minimum block-size of an element.

  • It behaves like min-width for the horizontal-tb writing mode.

  • It behaves like min-height for the vertical-* writing-mode.

CSS min-height

CSS max-height specifies the maximum height of an element.

When the content overflows the height, it adds a vertical scroll bar to the element.

noneDefault

No limit of height is applied to an element.

min-height: none;

This is the first child element.

This is the second child element.

min-content

min-content value specifies that the minimum height of element must be equal to or greater than the largest minimum height of some descendant item.

min-height: min-content;

This is the first child element.

This is the second child element.

max-content

max-content value represents that the minimum height of element must be equal to or greater than the largest maximum height of some descendant item.

min-height: max-content;

This is the first child element.

This is the second child element.

+ve length

The height of element should be at least 300px.

min-height: 300px;

This is the first child element.

This is the second child element.

+ve percentage

The height of element should be at least 30% of the parent box.

min-height: 30%;

This is the first child element.

This is the second child element.

auto

auto value means the height will be changed automatically according to the content.

min-height: auto;

This is the first child element.

This is the second child element.

CSS min-inline-size

CSS min-inline-size specifies the minimum inline-size of an element.

  • It behaves like min-height for the horizontal-tb writing mode.

  • It behaves like min-width for the vertical-* writing-mode.

CSS min-width

noneDefault

No limit of width is applied to an element.

min-width: none;

This is the first child element.

This is the second child element.

min-content

min-content value specifies that the minimum width of element must be equal to or greater than the largest minimum width of some descendant item.

min-width: min-content;

This is the first child element.

This is the second child element.

max-content

max-content value represents that the minimum width of element must be equal to or greater than the largest maximum width of some descendant item.

min-width: max-content;

This is the first child element.

This is the second child element.

+ve length

The width of element should be at least 300px.

min-width: 300px;

This is the first child element.

This is the second child element.

auto

auto value means the width will be changed automatically according to the content.

min-width: auto;

This is the first child element.

This is the second child element.

CSS mix-blend-mode

This property blends source color with the backdrop (image or some element) colors.

Source color represents the background-color of some element.

normalDefault

No blending is applied.

mix-blend-mode: normal;

multiply

It multiplies the backdrop (image) with the source (background-color) and replaces those changes in the backdrop.

mix-blend-mode: multiply;

screen

It multiplies the backdrop (image) with the source color and then complements.

mix-blend-mode: screen;

screen

It multiplies or screens the colors depending on the backdrop (image) color.

mix-blend-mode: overlay;

darken

It selects the darker color of the backdrop (image).

mix-blend-mode: darken;

lighten

It selects the lighten color of the backdrop (image).

mix-blend-mode: lighten;

color-dodge

It brightens the backdrop (image) to reflect the source color.

mix-blend-mode: color-dodge;

color-burn

It darkens the backdrop (image) to reflect the source color.

mix-blend-mode: color-burn;

hard-light

It multiplies or screens the colors depending on the source color.

mix-blend-mode: hard-light;

soft-light

It darkens or lightens the colors depending on the source color.

mix-blend-mode: soft-light;

difference

It subtracts darker color from the lighter color.

mix-blend-mode: difference;

exclusion

It produces the same effect but lower in contrast.

mix-blend-mode: exclusion;

hue

It creates a color with the hue of source color and the saturation and luminosity of the backdrop (image).

mix-blend-mode: hue;

saturation

It creates a color with the saturation of source color and the hue and luminosity of the backdrop (image).

mix-blend-mode: saturation;

color

It creates a color with the hue and the saturation of the source color and luminosity of the backdrop (image).

mix-blend-mode: color;

luminosity

It creates a color with the luminosity of the source color and the hue and saturation of the backdrop (image).

mix-blend-mode: luminosity;

CSS opacity

CSS opacity property determines the transparency of an element. The value of opacity varies from 0 to 1 i.e. [0-1]

fully opaqueDefault

The object (element) is fully opaque.

opacity: 1;

Observe the transparent behavior due to opacity

fully transparent

The object (element) is fully transparent.

opacity: 0;

Observe the transparent behavior due to opacity

partially transparency

It represents 50% transparency of the object (element).

opacity: 0.5;

Observe the transparent behavior due to opacity

CSS order

CSS order determines the order of a flex item. The order means a flex item placed anywhere in the list of flex items can be positioned at the start or end of of this list.

We have four flex items in the flex container. We'll position the third flex item with order property.

integerDefault

An integeral value determines the order of flex item in a flex container. 0 value does not change the position of flex item.

order: 0;

1

2

3

4

integer

-1 value positions the third flex item at the start of container.

This value positions the third item (3) at the start of flex container.

order: -1;

1

2

3

4

+ve integer

1 value positions the third flex item at the end of flex container. This value positions the third item at the end of flex container

This value positions the third item (3) at the end of flex container.

order: 1;

1

2

3

4

CSS outline

CSS outline property defines the width, style, and color of the ouline of a box. It is a shorthand property of outline-width, outline-style, and outline-color.

outline : outline-width    outline-style    outline-color

CSS outline-offset

CSS outline-offset represents space between border and outline. If you want to make sure a focus line outside the element at a distance, you must use outline-offset.

length

length value represents space between border or element (if there is no border) and outline.

outline-offset: 5px;

CSS outline-color

CSS outline-color property defines the color for the outline of a box.

currentColorDefault

currentColor keyword represents the same color for the top side border as of text color.

outline-color: currentColor;

The color of text is green. Therefore the currentColor for the outline is also green.

color-name

The following demo represents skyblue color for the top side border.

outline-color: skyblue;

The color of text is green. Therefore the currentColor for the outline is also green.

rgb value

It represents rgb value of a color.

The hexadecimal value of red color for the top side border is given below.

outline-color: rgb(255,0,0);

The color of text is green. Therefore the currentColor for the outline is also green.

hexadecimal value

It represents hexadecimal notation of red color.

The hexadecimal notation of blue color for the top side border is given below.

outline-color: #0000ff;

The color of text is green. Therefore the currentColor for the outline is also green.

CSS outline-style

CSS outline-style defines style for the outline of a box.

noneDefault

There is no style. In this case, the color and width of outline are also ignored i.e. 0px outline.

outline-style: none;

dashed

The outline consists of a series of square shaped dashes.

outline-style: dashed;

dotted

The outline consists of a series of round dots.

outline-style: dotted;

solid

The outline consists of a solid line.

outline-style: solid;

double

The outline consists of two lines. The total ouline-width equals to the two lines and space between them.

outline-style: double;

ridge

The content seems to be coming out of the canvas. It is obtained by producing the box-shadow from the two colors that are lighter and darker than the outline-color.

The outer side of the outline is darker than the inner side of the outline.

outline-style: ridge;

groove

The content seems to be going into the canvas. It is obtained by producing the box-shadow from the two colors that are lighter and darker than the border-color.

The inner side of the outline is darker than the outer side of the outline.

outline-style: groove;

CSS outline-width

mediumDefault

medium value represents medium sized outline. thin≤medium≤thick

outline-side: medium;

outline-width defines the width of the outline.

thin

thin value defines thin outline .

outline-width: thin;

outline-width defines the width of the outline.

thick

thick value defines a thick outline.

outline-side: thick;

outline-width defines the width of the outline.

thick

length defines the width of outline. The used units might be px, in, em, pt.

outline-width: 10px;

outline-width defines the width of the outline.

CSS overflow

CSS overflow property represents the behavior of content when it overflows out of the box along both horizontal and vertical directions.

It is a shorthand property of overflow-x and overflow-y.

If only one value is specified, the other one is copied from the first one.

visibleDefault

The content overflows out of the boundaries of the box and is also visibile.

It is the same as overflow: visibile visibile;

overflow: visible;

We are observing the effect of overflow property for different values.

hidden

In this case, the content that overflows out of the box becomes invisible.

It is the same as overflow: hidden hidden;.

overflow: hidden;

We are observing the effect of overflow property for different values.

scroll

It provides scrollbar no matter whether the content overflows or not.

It is the same as overflow: scroll scroll;.

overflow: scroll;

We are observing the effect of overflow property for different values.

auto

It is same as 'scroll' but its scrollbar is visibile only when the content overflows out of the box.

Both values are 'auto' i.e. overflow: auto auto;

overflow: auto;

We are observing the effect of overflow property for different values.

CSS overflow-wrap

normalDefault

In this case, the lines only break at allowed break points i.e. between the words and not between the letters.

In this case, the words are unbreakable on wrapping.

overflow-wrap: normal;

We are learning overflow wrap property.

break-word

It applies to an element only when there are no acceptable break points available i.e. between the words.

`

It breaks the words at arbitrary points.

overflow-wrap: break-word;

We are learning overflow wrap property.

CSS overflow-x

CSS overflow-x property represents overflow of content along horizontal direction i.e. from left and right sides.

visibleDefault

The content overflows horizontally out of the boundaries of the box and is also visibile.

overflow-x: visible;

What happens when the content overflows out of the box?

hidden

In this case, the content that overflows horizontally out of the box becomes invisible.

overflow-x: hidden;

What happens when the content overflows out of the box?

scroll

It provides horizontal scrollbar no matter whether the content overflows or not.

overflow-x: scroll;

What happens when the content overflows out of the box?

auto

It is same as 'scroll' but it provides horizontal scrollbar only when the content overflows out of the box.

overflow-x: auto;

What happens when the content overflows out of the box?

CSS overflow-y

CSS overflow-y property represents overflow of content along vertical direction i.e. from top and bottom sides.

visibleDefault

The content overflows vertically out of the boundaries of the box and is also visibile.

overflow-y: visible;

What happens when the content overflows out of the box?

hidden

In this case, the content that overflows vertically out of the box becomes invisible.

overflow-y: hidden;

What happens when the content overflows out of the box?

scroll

It provides vertical scrollbar no matter whether the content overflows or not.

overflow-y: scroll;

What happens when the content overflows out of the box?

auto

It is same as 'scroll' but it provides vertical scrollbar only when the content overflows out of the box.

overflow-y: auto;

What happens when the content overflows out of the box?

CSS padding

CSS padding property represents space between the sides of content and the border areas. It increases the size of a box more than usual.

It is a shorthand property of padding-top, padding-right, padding-bottom, and padding-left.

Negative values are not allowed.

padding :padding-top    padding-right    padding-bottom    padding-left

CSS padding-block

It is a logical property that defines space at the start and end sides of the content inside a box. The selection of start side depends on the writing-mode.

  • It behaves like padding-top and padding-bottom for the horizontal-tb writing mode.

  • It behaves like padding-right and padding-left for the vertical-* writing-mode respectively.

padding-block : padding-block-start    padding-block-end

CSS padding-block-end

It is a logical property that defines space at the end of content inside a block. The selection of start side depends on the writing-mode.

  • It behaves like padding-bottom for the horizontal-tb writing mode.

  • It behaves like padding-right or padding-left for the vertical-lr and vertical-rl writing-mode respectively.

padding-block-end

CSS padding-block-start

It is a logical property that defines space at the start of content area inside a box. The selection of start side depends on the writing-mode.

  • It behaves like padding-top for the horizontal-tb writing mode.

  • It behaves like padding-right or padding-left for the vertical-rl and vertical-lr writing-mode respectively.

Learn more

CSS padding-bottom

CSS padding-bottom property represents space between the bottom sides of content and the border areas. It increases the height of a box more than usual.

Negative values are not allowed.

length Default

There is no space between the bottom side border and content area.

padding-bottom: 0;

padding-bottom increases the height of a box more than usual. padding-bottom increases the height of a box more than usual.

+ve length

There is 30px space between bottom side border and content area. The height of box increases by 30px due to padding-bottom.

padding-bottom: 30px;

padding-bottom increases the height of a box more than usual. padding-bottom increases the height of a box more than usual.

CSS padding-inline

It is a logical property that defines space at the start and end sides of a inline. The selection of start side depends on the writing-mode.

  • It behaves like padding-top and padding-top for the horizontal-tb writing mode.

  • It behaves like padding-right and padding-left for the vertical-* writing-mode respectively.

padding-inline : padding-inline-start    padding-inline-end

CSS padding-inline-end

It is a logical property that defines space at the end side of a inline. The selection of start side depends on the writing-mode.

  • It behaves like padding-bottom for the horizontal-tb writing mode.

  • It behaves like padding-right or padding-left for the vertical-lr and vertical-rl writing-mode respectively.

Learn more

CSS padding-inline-start

It is a logical property that defines space at the start side of a inline. The selection of start side depends on the writing-mode.

  • It behaves like padding-left for the horizontal-tb writing mode.

  • It behaves like padding-bottom or padding-top for the vertical-rl and vertical-lr writing-mode respectively.

CSS padding-left

CSS padding-left property represents space between the left sides of content and the border areas. It increases the height of a box more than usual.

Negative values are not allowed.

length Default

There is no space between the bottom side border and content area.

padding-left: 0;

padding-left increases the width of a box more than usual.

+ve length

There is 40px space between bottom side border and content area. The width of box increases by 40px due to padding-bottom.

padding-left: 40px;

padding-left increases the width of a box more than usual.

CSS padding-right

CSS padding-right property represents space between the right sides of content and the border areas. It increases the height of a box more than usual.

Negative values are not allowed.

length Default

There is no space between the right side border and content area.

padding-right: 0;

padding-right increases the width of a box more than usual.

+ve length

There is 30px space between right side border and content area. The width of box increases by 30px due to padding-right.

padding-right: 30px;

padding-right increases the width of a box more than usual.

CSS padding-top

CSS padding-top property represents space between the top sides of content and the border areas. It increases the height of a box more than usual.

Negative values are not allowed.

length Default

There is no space between the top side border and content area.

padding-top: 0;

padding-top increases the height of a box more than usual.

+ve length

There is 30px space between top side border and content area. The height of box increases by 30px due to padding-top.

padding-top: 30px;

padding-top increases the height of a box more than usual.

CSS perspective

CSS perspective property esatablishes a new stacking context and allows the 3-D transformation of children elements. Remember that it applies to the transform children elements and not the element itself.

In the demo, we apply 'perspective' property to the element. But its effect is visible on the children elements.

noneDefault

In this case, no perspective is applied.

perspective: none;

We are learning perspective property.

length

It translates the box by 50px along Y-axis.

perspective: 300px;

We are learning perspective property.

CSS perspective-origin

CSS perspective-origin property represents the origin of perspective property. This point is located with respect to top and left edges of the element where a user seems to be looking at the transformation of children elements.

There are two possible values (X and Y). If only one value is specified, the second one is assumed to be the 'center'.

percentage percentageDefault

The perspective origin is at 50% from top side and 50% from left side. It is the same as perspective-origin: center center;.

perspective-origin: 50% 50%;

We are learning perspective-origin property.

percentage percentage

The perspective origin is at 30% from top side and 40% from left side.

perspective-origin: 30% 40%;

We are learning perspective-origin property.

length length

The perspective origin is at 30px from top side and 40px from left side.

perspective-origin: 30px 40px;

We are learning perspective-origin property.

right bottom

The perspective-origin is the bottom right corner. It is the same as perspective-origin: 100% 100%;.

perspective-origin: right bottom;

We are learning perspective-origin property.

left top

The perspective-origin is the top left corner. It is the same as perspective-origin: 0% 0%;.

perspective-origin: left top;

We are learning perspective-origin property.

center top

The perspective-origin is the top center. It is the same as perspective-origin: 50% 0%;.

perspective-origin: center top;

We are learning perspective-origin property.

top

Since the second value is not present, it is assumed to be 'center'. It is the same as perspective-origin: center top;.

perspective-origin: top;

We are learning perspective-origin property.

CSS place-content

CSS place-content property aligns the content horizontally and vertically. It is a shorthand property of both align-content and justify-content.

place-content : align-content   justify-content

CSS place-items

CSS place-items property controls the alignment of the child items vertically and horizontally. It is a shorthand property of align-items and justify-items.

We are using a grid container as an example.

place-items : align-items    justify-items

CSS place-self

place-self : align-self   justify-self

CSS position

CSS position property specifies the position of an element i.e. the position of an element should be either relative to its original position or with respect to parent box.


The parent must be positioned. And we are applying top:30px; and right:30px; to reposition the current element.

staticDefault

In this case, the element does not change the position.

position: static;

#First 1

relative

It replaces the element with respect to its original position.

position: relative;

#First 1

absolute

It replaces the element with respect to its parent box.

position: absolute;

#First 1

sticky

sticky value positions in the same way as relative but its position may change when any of its side matches the parent side.

position: sticky;

#First 1

fixed

It fixes the element with respect to viewport.

position: fixed;

CSS resize

CSS resize property specifies whether an element is resizable or not. And if it is resizable then along which axis.


resize property applies to all the elements having overflow property with auto value.

noneDefault

The element is not resizable.

resize: none;

You can enable the resizing of this element along any of the axes.

both

The element is resizable along both x and y axes.

resize: both;

You can enable the resizing of this element along any of the axes.

horizontal

The element is resizable only along x-axis. In this case, the width of an element is resizable.

resize: horizontal;

You can enable the resizing of this element along any of the axes.

vertical

The element is resizable only along y-axis. In this case, the height of an element is resizeable.

resize: vertical;

You can enable the resizing of this element along any of the axes.

CSS right property represents the distance of right side of current box either from the right side of parent box or from the original position depending upon the value of position property.

The current element should have position property otherwise right property will not work. We apply position:absolute; property to the current element.

autoDefault

It does not replace the current box.

right: auto;

for position: absolute;

length

It represents the distance of the right side of the current box from the right side of the parent box.

The box is 100px away from the right side of the parent box (absolute position).

right: 100px;

for position: absolute;

percentage

Actually percentage represents height of the parent box.

The box is 20% away from the right side of the parent box (absolute position).

right: 20%;

for position: absolute;

CSS row-gap

CSS row-gap property represents the gap between two adjacent rows. We take an example of a grid that contains three grid items.

normalDefault

It represents 0px gap between rows.

row-gap: normal;

item1
item2
item3

length

length value adds respective gap between the rows. The following demo represents 30px gap between the rows.

row-gap: 30px;

item1
item2
item3

CSS scroll-behavior

CSS scroll-behavior represents the scrolling behavior within a scrolling box due to navigation. The scrolling that a user performs is not affected by this property but rather with the navigational links.

autoDefault

It does not represent smooth behavior.

scroll-behavior: auto;

smooth

It smoothens the scrolling.

scroll-behavior: auto;

CSS scroll-margin

CSS scroll-margin property specifies top,right,bottom, and left edges of the scroll snap area.

scroll snap area = the rectangular area (bounded by yellow border) of the item bounded by the scroll container (bounded by red border) + specified offset

It is a shorthand property of scroll-margin-top, scroll-margin-right, scroll-margin-bottom, and scroll-margin-left properties.

scroll-margin :scroll-margin-top    scroll-margin-right    scoll-margin-bottom    scroll-margin-left

CSS scroll-margin-bottom

CSS scroll-margin-bottom property specifies bottom edge of the scroll snap area.

scroll snap area = the rectangular area (bounded by yellow border) of the item bounded by the scroll container (bounded by red border) + specified offset.

Please move the scrollbar to see the effect of margin.

+ve length Default

There is no offset on the bottom side of the scroll snap area.

scroll-margin-bottom: 0;

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+ve length

It specifies the bottom edge offset of the scroll item.

In the demo, there is 100px offset on the bottom edge of the scroll snap area.

scroll-margin-bottom: 100px;

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CSS scroll-margin-left

CSS scroll-margin-left property specifies left edge of the scroll snap area.

scroll snap area = the rectangular area (bounded by yellow border) of the item bounded by the scroll container (bounded by red border) + specified offset

Please move the scrollbar to see the effect of margin.

+ve length Default

There is no offset on the top edge of the scroll snap area.

scroll-margin-left: 0;

+ve length

It specifies the left edge offset of the scroll item.

In the demo, there is 100px offset on the left edge of the scroll snap area.

scroll-margin-left: 100px;

CSS scroll-margin-right

CSS scroll-margin-right property specifies right edge of the scroll snap area.

scroll snap area = the rectangular area (bounded by yellow border) of the item bounded by the scroll container (bounded by red border) + specified offset.

Please move the scrollbar to see the effect of margin.

+ve length Default

There is no offset on the top edge of the scroll snap area.

scroll-margin-right: 0;

+ve length

It specifies the right edge offset of the scroll item.

In the demo, there is 100px offset on the right edge of the scroll snap area.

scroll-margin-right: 100px;

CSS scroll-margin-top

CSS scroll-margin-top property specifies top edge of the scroll snap area.

scroll snap area = the rectangular area (bounded by yellow border) of the item bounded by the scroll container (bounded by red border) + specified offset.

Please move the scrollbar to see the effect of margin.

+ve length Default

There is no offset on the top edge of the scroll snap area.

scroll-margin-top: 0;

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+ve length

It specifies the top edge offset of the scroll item.

In the demo, there is 100px offset on the top edge of the scroll snap area.

scroll-margin-top: 100px;

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CSS scroll-padding

CSS scroll-padding-bottom property specifies the top, right, bottom, and left edges of the snapport.

* Snapport is the area in the view of user where scrolling of items is possible. Red rectangular box represents snapport.

Please move the scrollbar to see the effect of padding.

scroll-padding :scroll-padding-top    scroll-padding-right    scroll-padding-bottom    scroll-padding-left

CSS scroll-padding-bottom

CSS scroll-padding-bottom property specifies the bottom edge of the snapport.

* Snapport is the area in the view of user where scrolling of items is possible. The box bounded by red box represents snapport.

Please move the scrollbar to see the effect of padding.

+ve length Default

There is no offset on the bottom edge of the snapport.

scroll-padding-bottom: 0;

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+ve length Default

It specifies the bottom edge offset of the scroll item.

In the demo, there is 100px offset on the bottom edge of the snapport.

scroll-padding-bottom: 100px;

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CSS scroll-padding-left

CSS scroll-padding-left property specifies the left edge of the snapport.

* Snapport is the area in the view of user where scrolling of items is possible. Red rectangular box represents snapport.

Please move the scrollbar to see the effect of padding.

+ve length Default

There is no offset on the left edge of the snapport.

scroll-padding-left: 0;

+ve length

It specifies the offset on the left edge of the snapport.

In the demo, there is 100px offset on the left edge of the snapport.

scroll-padding-left: 100px;

CSS scroll-padding-right

CSS scroll-padding-right property specifies the right edge of the snapport.

* Snapport is the area in the view of user where scrolling of items is possible. Red rectangular box represents snapport.

Please move the scrollbar to see the effect of padding.

+ve length Default

There is no offset on the right edge of the snapport.

scroll-padding-right: 0;

+ve length

It specifies the offset on the right edge of the snapport.

In the demo, there is 100px offset on the right edge of the snapport.

scroll-padding-right: 100px;

CSS scroll-padding-top

CSS scroll-padding-top property represents offset on the top edge of the snapport.

* Snapport is the area in the view of user where scrolling of items is possible. Red rectangular box represents snapport.

Please move the scrollbar to see the effect of padding.

+ve lengthDefault

There is no offset on the top edge of the snapport.

scroll-padding-top: 0;

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+ve lengthDefault

It specifies the offset on the top edge of the snapport.

In the demo, there is 100px offset on the top edge of the snapport.

scroll-padding-top: 100px;

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CSS scroll-padding

CSS scroll-padding property specifies the top, right, bottom, and left edges of the snapport.

* Snapport is the area in the view of user where scrolling of items is possible. Red rectangular box represents snapport.

Please move the scrollbar to see the effect of padding.

scroll-padding :scroll-padding-top    scroll-padding-right    scroll-padding-bottom    scroll-padding-left

CSS scroll-snap-align

CSS scroll-snap-align represents the snap position of a box's snap area within container's snapport.

The snap area is the yellow rectangular box while red box represents container's snapport.

noneDefault

It does not specify any snap position.

scroll-snap-align: none;

start

The end side of the snap area (child element) touches the end side of container's snapport.

scroll-snap-align: start;

end

It does not specify any snap position.

scroll-snap-align: end;

center

The snap area (child element) is centered within container's snapport.

scroll-snap-align: center;

CSS scroll-snap-stop

CSS scroll-snap-stop allows a possible snap position to trap the scrolling operation. It forces the scroll container to stop the scrolling operaton before it naturally ends.

Remember that this property has no effect on scrolling operations with only intended end position.

normalDefault

The scroll container may pass over snap positions during the execution of a scrolling mechanism.

scroll-snap-stop: normal;

always

The scroll container should not pass over snap positions during the execution of a scrolling mechanism.

scroll-snap-align: always;

CSS shape-outside

CSS shape-outside defines the shape of float-area to wrap the inline content. The inline content can be wrapped from the left (floating on the left side) and right (floating on the right side) sides only.

We have an image floating on the left side. We can define the shape of float-area on the left side this image. We can apply the shape-outside property only to the floating element.

polygon

There is no offset on the top edge of the snapport.

shape-outside: polygon(0 0, 100% 100%, 0 100%);

The image is floating on the left side. We can define the shape outside the floating image.

CSS shape-margin

CSS shape-margin defines the margin area outside the shape defined by shape-outside. For example, we have a shape outside the floated element. We can define the margin area outside this float-area.

lengthDefault

length defines the margin outside the float-area defined by the shape-outside.

shape-margin: 0;

We can define the margin area outside the float-area.

length

There is 10px margin area outside the float-area defined by the shape-outside.

shape-margin: 10px;

We can define the margin area outside the float-area.

CSS stroke

CSS stroke is a shorthand property of stroke-color, stroke-image, stroke-origin, stroke-position, stroke-size, and stroke-repeat properties.

Remember that all browsers do not support it completely. It only specifies the color of the stroke in the browsers.

currentColorDefault

currentColor keyword represents the same color for stroke as of text color.

stroke: currentColor;

color-name

The following demo represents skyblue color for the stroke of an element.

stroke: skyblue;

rgb value

It represents rgb value of a color. The hexadecimal value of red color is given below.

stroke: rgb(255,0,0);

hexadecimal value

It represents hexadecimal notation of red color. The hexadecimal notation of blue color is given below.

stroke: #0000ff;

CSS stroke-color

CSS stroke-color defines the color of stroke as of border.

Remember that no browser supports stroke-color. Therefore, we use stroke, a shorthand property, to define the color of stroke.

currentColorDefault

currentColor keyword represents the same color for stroke as of text color.

stroke-color: currentColor;

color-name

The following demo represents skyblue color for the stroke of an element.

stroke-color: skyblue;

rgb value

It represents rgb value of a color. The hexadecimal value of red color is given below.

stroke-color: rgb(255,0,0);

hexadecimal value

It represents hexadecimal notation of red color. The hexadecimal notation of blue color is given below.

stroke-color: #0000ff;

CSS stroke-dasharray

CSS stroke-dasharray defines a pattern of dashes for stroke path.

noneDefault

It represents a continuous pattern of dashes for a stroke path.

stroke-dasharray: none;

length

The stroke pattern consists of alternate dashes separated by equal sized spaces. 20px means the pattern consists of dashes each having 20px size. They are separated by the same size as of dashe size i.e. 20px.

stroke-dasharray: 20px;

percentage

It represents the size of dashes in percentage. The dashes repeat themselves along the stroke path in an alternate manner.

stroke-dasharray: 5%;

CSS stroke-dashoffset

CSS stroke-dashoffset property adds an offset distance at the start of dash array.

lengthDefault

length value adds respective distance at the start of dash array.

The following demo adds 0px offset distance at the start of dash array.

stroke-dashoffset: 0px;

length

20px value moves the dash array by 20px at the beginning of dash pattern.

stroke-dashoffset: 20px;

CSS stroke-linecap

CSS stroke-linecap property defines the shape of corners at the end of a line.

buttDefault

It represents squared shaped corners of an SVG line.

stroke-linejoin: butt;

round

It adds additional round corners at the both ends of an svg line.

stroke-linejoin: round;

square

It adds additional square corners at the both ends of an svg line.

stroke-linecap: square;

CSS stroke-linejoin

CSS stroke-linejoin property specifies the shapes at the corners of paths or shapes.

miterDefault

It represents the sharp corners where path segments meet. It is formed by extending the strokes of the edges until they intersect.

stroke-linejoin: crop;

bevel

It crops the corners at the intersect point by the perpendicular to its diagonal.

stroke-linejoin: bevel;

round

It converts the sharp corners into round shape corners.

stroke-linejoin: arcs;

CSS stroke-opacity

CSS stroke-opacity property determines the transparency of stroke object. The value of stroke-opacity varies from 0 to 1 i.e. [0-1]

fully opaqueDefault

The stroke object (element) is fully opaque.

stroke-opacity: 1;

fully transparent

The stroke object is fully transparent.

stroke-opacity: 0;

partially transparency

It represents 50% transparency of the stroke object.

stroke-opacity: 0.5;

CSS stroke-width

CSS stroke-width property represents the width of the stroke.

+ve lengthDefault

It specifies the default width of stroke in some unit.

stroke-width: 1px;

+ve length

It specifies the width of stroke in some unit.

stroke-width: 50px;

percentage

It is same as 'scroll' but it provides vertical scrollbar only when the content overflows out of the box.

stroke-width: 20%;

CSS tab-size

CSS tab-size represents size of a tab charcter in px or in a number.

numberDefault

The number represents a multiple of the space character's advanced width.

tab-size: 8;

length

It directly determines the size of a tab character. 40px means the width of tab character is 40px.

tab-size: 40px;

CSS table-layout

CSS table-layout represents whether the the width of table columns should be fixed or automatically calculated.

autoDefault

In this auto mode, the width of table columns depends upon the content within table cells.

table-layout: auto;

Name Aggregate Degree
Chris 70% BCS
James 80% BIT
John 90% BSE

fixed

In this fixed mode, the width of table columns does not depend upon the the content of table cells.

The width of columns is calculated from the size of cells present in the first table row. In this case, equal share of space is distributed among the table cells.

table-layout: fixed;

Name Aggregate Degree
Chris 70% BCS
James 80% BIT
John 90% BSE

CSS text-align

CSS text-align property represents how to align the inline-level content along the inline axis if does not fit within a line box.

It does not affect the last line of text in a box.

startDefault

It aligns the content at the start of inline axis.

text-align: start;

We are observing the behavior of text align property. We are observing the behavior of text align property.

end

It aligns the inline-level content at the end of inline axis.

text-align: end;

We are observing the behavior of text align property. We are observing the behavior of text align property.

left

It aligns the inline-level content at the left side of line box.

text-align: left;

We are observing the behavior of text align property. We are observing the behavior of text align property.

right

It aligns the inline-level content at the right side.

text-align: right;

We are observing the behavior of text align property. We are observing the behavior of text align property.

center

It aligns the inline-level at the center of inline axis.

text-align: center;

We are observing the behavior of text align property. We are observing the behavior of text align property.

justify

It justifies the content according to the method specified by the text-justify i.e. it exactly fills the line axis except the last line which is aligned at start.

text-align: justify;

We are observing the behavior of text align property. We are observing the behavior of text align property.

match-parent

In this case, the current element inherits the value of text-align from the parent element.

If the value of text-align property for the parent element is center, the value of text-align property for the current element will also be center. -webkit- prefix resolves the browser compatibility issues

text-align: -webkit-match-parent;

We are observing the behavior of text align property. We are observing the behavior of text align property.

CSS text-align-last

CSS text-align-all property represents how to align the inline-level content along the inline axis if does not fit within a line box. It is a shorthand property of text-align-all-all and text-align-all-last.

startDefault

It aligns the content at the start of inline axis.

text-align-last: start;

We are observing the behavior of text align last property for different values.

end

It aligns the inline-level content at the end of inline axis.

text-align-last: end;

We are observing the behavior of text align last property for different values.

left

It aligns the inline-level content at the left side of line box.

text-align-last: left;

We are observing the behavior of text align last property for different values.

right

It aligns the inline-level content at the right side.

text-align-last: right;

We are observing the behavior of text align last property for different values.

center

It aligns the inline-level at the center of inline axis.

text-align-last: center;

We are observing the behavior of text align last property for different values.

justify

It justifies the content according to the method specified by the text-justify i.e. it exactly fills the line axis except the last line which is aligned at start.

text-align-last: justify;

We are observing the behavior of text align last property for different values.

CSS text-decoration

CSS text-decoration defines the style, color and position of text-decoration-line. It is a shorthand property of text-decoration-line, text-decoration-style, and text-decoration-color.

text-decoration : text-decoration-line    text-decoration-style    text-decoction-color

CSS text-decoration-color

CSS text-decoration-color defines the color of text decoration line.

currentColorDefault

currentColor represents the same color as of text.

text-decoration-color: currentColor;

We are learning text decoration color

color-name

Any color name can be used as the value. red value represents red color.

text-decoration-color: red;

We are learning text decoration color

rgb value

It is an rgb value of red color.

text-decoration-color: rgb(0,255,0);

We are learning text decoration color

hexadecimal value

It is an hexadecimal notation of blue color.

text-decoration-color: #0000ff;

We are learning text decoration color

CSS text-decoration-line

CSS text-decoration-line property defines the type of text decoration lines i.e. the position of lines relative to text. The following are the types of text decorations.

noneDefault

In this case, there is no text-decoration line.

We are learning text-decoration-line.

underline

defines a line below the text.

We are learning text-decoration-line.

overline

defines a line above the text.

We are learning text-decoration-line.

line-through

It represents a line passing through the middle of text horizontally.

We are learning text-decoration-line.

CSS text-decoration-skip-ink

CSS text-decoration-skip-ink represents whether text decoration lines skip the glyphs or cross over them.

autoDefault

The text decoration lines skip over glyphs.

Why are we learning text-decoration-skip-ink

none

text decoration lines cross the glyphs continuously without skipping even when they cross the glyphs within text.

Why are we learning text-decoration-skip-ink

CSS text-decoration-style

CSS text-decoration-style defines the style of text decoration lines. The following are the styles of text decoration lines.

solidDefault

The text decoration line is a solid line.

text-decoration-style: solid;

We are learning text decoration style property

double

The text decoration line is double line.

text-decoration-style: double;

We are learning text decoration style property

dotted

The line consists of series of dotts.

text-decoration-style: dotted;

We are learning text decoration style property

dashed

The line consists of series of squared shaped dashes.

text-decoration-style: dashed;

We are learning text decoration style property

wavy

The line is not straight but wavy type.

text-decoration-style: wavy;

We are learning text decoration style property

CSS text-emphasis

CSS text-emphasis property adds different emphasis marks and the color of these marks.

text-emphasis : text-emphasis-style    text-emphasis-color

CSS text-emphasis-color

CSS text-emphasis-color specifies the color of emphasis marks.

currentColorDefault

currentColor represents the same color as of text.

text-emphasis-color: currentColor;

We are learning text-emphasis-color property.

color-name

Any color name can be used as the value. red value represents red color.

text-emphasis-color: red;

We are learning text-emphasis-color property.

rgb value

It is an rgb value of red color.

text-emphasis-color: rgb(0,255,0);

We are learning text-emphasis-color property.

hexadecimal value

It is an hexadecimal notation of blue color.

text-emphasis-color: #0000ff;

We are learning text-emphasis-color property.

CSS text-emphasis-position

CSS text-emphasis-position specifies the position where the emphasis marks should be drawn.

overDefault

The emphasis marks are drawn above the text.

text-emphasis-position: over;

We are learning text-emphasis-position property.

under

The emphasis marks are drawn below the text.

text-emphasis-position: under;

We are learning text-emphasis-position property.

CSS text-emphasis-style

CSS text-emphasis-style property adds different emphasis marks that might be hollow or filled.

noneDefault

No emphasis marks are added.

text-emphasis-style: none;

We are learning text-emphasis-style property.

filled

The shapes are filled.

text-emphasis-style: filled;

We are learning text-emphasis-style property.

open

The shapes are hollow.

text-emphasis-style: open;

We are learning text-emphasis-style property.

dot

This value adds dots as marks.

text-emphasis-style: dot;

We are learning text-emphasis-style property.

circle

It adds circular shapes as marks.

text-emphasis-style: circle;

We are learning text-emphasis-style property.

double-circle

It adds double-circle shapes.

text-emphasis-style: double-circle;

We are learning text-emphasis-style property.

triangle

It adds trianglular shaped marks.

text-emphasis-style: triangle;

We are learning text-emphasis-style property.

sesame

It adds sesame marks.

text-emphasis-style: sesame;

We are learning text-emphasis-style property.

CSS text-indent

CSS text-indent property applies indentation to the first line of inline content.

lengthDefault

length value applies indentation as an absolute value. The following demo adds 0px indentation.

text-indent: 0px;

We are learning text-indent property.

length

10px value moves the first line of inline content to the right side by 10px absolute value.

text-indent: 10px;

We are learning text-indent property.

percentage

20% value moves the first line of inline content to the right side by 20% width of the container.

text-indent: 20%;

We are learning text-indent property.

CSS text-overflow

CSS text-overflow property specifies the rendering of inline content at the end of line box If it does not fit within a parent block container.

The parent block container must have a value other than 'visible' for the overflow.

clipDefault

In this case, the inline content that overflows its container is clipped.

text-overflow: clip;

It is representing the text-overflow property.

ellipsis

In this case, it shows ellipsis character at the end of line to represent the clipped inline content. It ellipsis character is not available, the string '...' is used at the end.

text-overflow: ellipsis;

It is representing the text-overflow property.

CSS text-shadow

CSS text-shadow property drops a shadow of the text.

none

No shadow for the text.

text-shadow: none;

the text-shadow property

horizontal-offset

It represents the horizontal-offset of the text shadow from the original text.

text-shadow: 2px;

the text-shadow property

vertical-offset

It represents the vertical-offset of the text shadow from the original text.

text-shadow: 2px 2px;

the text-shadow property

blur-radius

It blurs the text shadow.

text-shadow: 2px 2px 5px;

the text-shadow property

shadow-color

It represents the shadow color.

text-shadow: 2px 2px 5px rgba(2555,0,0);

the text-shadow property

CSS text-transform

CSS text-transform property transforms the text for styling purposes in various forms such as capitalize, uppercase, lowercase.

noneDefault

No transformation applied to the text.

text-transform: none;

text transform property

capitalize

The first letter of each word is capitalized.

text-transform: capitalize;

text transform property

uppercase

Every letter is capitalized.

text-transform: uppercase;

text transform property

lowercase

Every letter is in its lowercase form.

text-transform: lowercase;

text transform property

CSS text-underline-position

CSS text-underline-position property specifies the position of underline.

autoDefault

length value applies indentation as an absolute value. The following demo adds 0px indentation.

text-underline-position: auto;

We are learning text-underline-position property.

under

10px value moves the first line of inline content to the right side by 10px absolute value.

text-underline-position: under;

We are learning text-underline-position property.

CSS top

CSS top property represents the distance of top side of current box either from the top side of parent box or from the original position depending upon the value of position property.

The current element should have position property otherwise top property will not work. We apply position: absolute; property to the current element.

autoDefault

It does not replace the current box.

top: auto;

for position:absolute;

length

It represents the distance of the top side of the current box from the top side of the parent box.

The box is 100px away from the top side of the parent box (absolute position).

top: 100px;

for position:absolute;

percentage

Actually percentage represents height of the parent box.

The box is 20% away from the top side of the parent box (absolute position).

for position:absolute;

CSS transform

CSS transform property may rotate, translate, and scale up the size of an element.


The parent element must have perspective property to see the 3D effect of the transform. In the demo, the element's parent box has perspective:300px; property.

translate function

translateX(50px)

This value translates the box by 50px along X-axis.

transform: translateX(50px);

We are learning transform property.

translateY(50px)

It translates the box by 50px along Y-axis.

transform: translateY(50px);

We are learning transform property.

translateZ(50px)

It translates the box by 10px along Z-axis i.e. towards the user. In this case, you will see zoom-in effect.

transform: translateZ(50px);

We are learning transform property.

translate3D(50px,50px,50px)

This value translates the box by 50px along all of the three axes (X, Y, and Z axes).

transform: translate3D(50px,50px,50px);

We are learning transform property.

rotate()

rotateX(50deg)

This value rotates the box around X-axis by 50 degree.

transform: rotateX(50deg);

We are learning transform property.

rotateY(50deg)

This value rotates the box around Y-axis by 50 degree

transform: rotateY(50deg);

We are learning transform property.

rotateZ(50deg)

It rotates the box clockwise by 50 degree.

transform: rotateZ(50deg);

We are learning transform property.

rotate(50deg)

It is the same as rotateZ(50deg) i.e. element rotates clockwise by 50 degree.

transform: rotate(50deg);

We are learning transform property.

scaleX(2)

It is 2 times the original width.

transform: scaleX(2);

We are learning transform property.

scaleY(2)

It is 2 times the original height.

transform: scaleY(2);

We are learning transform property.

scale(2,3)

It is 2 times the original width and 3 times the original height.

transform: scale(2,3);

We are learning transform property.

Skew()

skewX(40deg)

It skews a box by 40 degree along X-axis.

transform: skewX(30deg);

We are learning transform property.

skewY(40deg)

It skews a box by 40 degree along Y-axis.

transform: skewY(40deg);

We are learning transform property.

skew(40deg,40deg)

It skews a box by 40 degree along both X and Y axes.

transform: skew(40deg,40deg);

We are learning transform property.

CSS transform-origin

CSS transform-origin property represents the reference by which the box (element) rotates.


The first and second values represent the position of transform-origin from the left and top sides respectively. If only one value is specified for this property, the second value is assumed to be center.

50% 50%Default

The transform-origin is 50% away from left side and 50% away from the top side. It is the same as transform-origin: center center;.

transform-origin: 50% 50%;

We are learning transform property.

0% 100%

The transform-origin is 0% away from left side and 100% away from the top side. It is the same as transform-origin: left bottom; i.e. left-bottom corner.

transform-origin: 0% 100%;

We are learning transform property.

left

The transform-origin is at the center of left side. It is the same as transform-origin: left center;.

transform-origin: left;

We are learning transform property.

right

The transform-origin is at the center of right side. It is the same as transform-origin: right center;.

transform-origin: right;

We are learning transform property.

center

The transform-origin is at the center of box both horizontally and vertically. It is the same as transform-origin: center center;.

We are learning transform property.

top

The transform-origin is at the center of top side. It is the same as transform-origin:top center;.

transform-origin: top;

We are learning transform property.

bottom

The transform-origin is at the center of bottom side. It is the same as transform-origin:bottom center;

transform-origin: bottom;

We are learning transform property.

CSS transform-style

perspective allows an element to render the children elements to rotate in 3D-space.

But what about the chidren of the children elements. Should they preserve the 3D nature or not?

transform-style decides whether this 3D nature should be preserved into the children of the children elements or not.

flatDefault

In this case, all the children elements are flattened into this element's plane on rotation around X, Y axes.

If .element has flat transform-style, the child element (.element1) rotates in 3D-space.

transform-style: flat;

hover over me to see the effect of transform-style.

preserve-3d

All the children elements are not flattened into this element's plane but rather they rotate in 3D-space on rotation around X, Y axes.

If .element has preserve-3d transform-style, the child element (.element1) rotates in 3D-space.

transform-style: preserve-3d;

hover over me to see the effect of transform-style.

CSS transition

CSS transition is a shorthand property of transition-property, transition-duration, transition-timing-function, and transition-delay.

transition : none | [ transition-property    transition-duration    transition-timing-function    transition-delay ]

CSS transition-delay

CSS transition-delay property defines the time duration between transition start (when applied) and its execution i.e. a delay in the execution of transition.

We take the example of a box that rotates by 270 degree on mouse hover within duration of 4s but with different values of transition-delay.

+ve value (seconds)Default

transition-delay accepts value in seconds. 0s means the transition starts its execution as soon as it starts.

transition-delay: 0s;

hover over me and wait for the change to occur with a delay

+ve value (seconds)

transition-delay also accepts fractional values. 2.5s means the transition starts execution after 2.5 seconds when it is applied.

transition-delay: 2.5s;

hover over me and wait for the change to occur with a delay

+ve value (milliseconds)

value in milliseconds may also be used. 2000ms means 2s. Wait for 2000ms to see the execution of transition.

transition-delay: 2000ms;

hover over me and wait for the change to occur with a delay

-ve value (seconds)

It starts execution partway through its life cycle. If the transition-duration is 3s and transition-delay is -2s, it shows a part of cycle that remains after subtracting transition-delay from transition-duration (1s).

transition-delay: -2s;

hover over me and wait for the change to occur with a delay

CSS transition-duration

CSS transition-duration defines the time duration for a value change to occur as a result of some user event such as :hover, :active, and :link.

Negative values are not allowed. In the following demo, the transition occurs within a specific duration (transform property change occurs).

+ve value (seconds)Default

It determnines the duration of transition. transition occurs instantly for 0s.

transition-duration: 0s;

We are observing the transition-duration.

+ve value (seconds)

transition-duration also accepts fractional values. Change in the property value occurs within 2.5s.

transition-duration: 2.5s;

We are observing the transition-duration.

+ve value (milliseconds)

time in milliseconds may also be used as the value. 2000ms means 2s.

transition-duration: 2000ms;

We are observing the transition-duration.

CSS transition-property

CSS transition-property property represents a list of properties that we want to change. And the properties are separated by a comma.

property1, property2

transition starts execution after 2 seconds when it is applied.

transition-property: width, background-color;

This property represents a list of properties that we want to change.

all

This keyword covers up all of the properties that we want to change.

transition-property: all;

This property represents a list of properties that we want to change.

CSS transition-timing-functions

CSS transition-timing-function allows a transition to change speed over time. It decides how the properties are calculated during transition i.e. properties may change swifly or slowly.

easeDefault

The speed of transition is constant over its duration. It represents normal behavior over the transition-duration.

transition-timing-function: ease;

We are observing the transition-timing-function.

ease-in

The speed is slow at the start of transition i.e. It represents somooth behavior at the start only.

transition-timing-function: ease-in;

We are observing the transition-timing-function.

ease-out

The speed is fast at the start of transition i.e. The transition is smooth at the end.

transition-timing-function: ease-out;

We are observing the transition-timing-function.

ease-in-out

The speed of transition is slow at the start and end of transition-duration as compared to intermediate time. It represents smooth behavior at the start and end of the transition.

transition-timing-function: ease-in-out;

We are observing the transition-timing-function.

CSS user-select

CSS user-select property tells a user which elements can be selected or how to select. This property can disable selection of the whole text or specific portions of the text.

autoDefault

If auto is the value of user-select for the current element, it is computed to any of the above given values such as none, all, text.

user-select: auto;

Select the text from this box and see the effect for different values of user-select property.

text

text value does not apply any restriction to the selection of text. And a user can select the text freely.

user-select: text;

Select the text from this box and see the effect for different values of user-select property.

none

none value does not allow a user to select the text i.e. it disables the selection of text.

user-select: none;

Select the text from this box and see the effect for different values of user-select property.

all

If a user selects a part of content of the current element, this selection must include all of the remaining content including the descendant elements (automically).

user-select: all;

Select the text from this box and see the effect for different values of user-select property.

CSS vertical-align

It aligns an inline-level box vertically. And it is preferable to use this property instead of longhand properties such as baseline-shift and alignment-baseline.

A line box is an inline-level box that consists of stack of lines. We'll use the keyword line box which means it consits of text lines or inline-level elements.

baselineDefault

The baseline of line box (other than the target line box) matches the baseline of the parent box.

vertical-align: baseline;

Other text Target text

text-bottom

The bottom side of the line box (other than the target line box) matches with the bottom side of the parent box.

vertical-align: text-bottom;

Other text Target text

middle

The line box (other than the target line box) is aligned at the middle (verticallly).

vertical-align: middle;

Other text Target text

text-top

The top side of the line box (other than the target line box) matches with the top side of the parent box.

vertical-align: text-top;

Other text Target text

top

The line-box (other than the target line box) is at the top side of the parent box.

vertical-align: top;

Other text Target text

bottom

The line-box (other than the target line box) is at the top side of the parent box.

vertical-align: bottom;

Other text Target text

+ve length

The line box (other than the target line box) moves downwards from the baseline by 10px.

vertical-align: 10px;

Other text Target text

-ve length

The line box (other than the target line box) moves upwards from the baseline by 10px.

vertical-align: -10px;

Other text Target text

percentage

The line box (other than the target line box) moves upwards from the baseline by 20% of the height of the parent box.

vertical-align: 20%;

Other text Target text

sub

In this case, the target line box is a subscript of the other text.

vertical-align: sub;

Other text Target text

super

In this case, the target line box is a superscript of the other text.

vertical-align: super;

Other text Target text

CSS visibility

CSS visibility property represents visibility of the an element. It is the same as display:none; except it occupies the space in all cases i.e. whether visible or hidden.

visibleDefault

The box (element) is visible.

visibility: visible;

You are observing visibility for different values.

The content after the affected box.

hidden

It is invisible but still occupies the space and affects the layout. It may be called as fully transparent box.

visibility: hidden;

The content after the affected box.

collapse

It is the same as 'hidden' except for row, row groups, column, column groups.

visibility: collapse;

You are observing visibility for different values.

The content after the affected box.

CSS white-space

This property represents trimming and wrapping behavior for text content.

text is not trimmed i.e. text-space-trim is none for all of the values given below.

normalDefault

does not affect the content.

white-space: normal;

What happens when the content overflows out of the box?

pre

preserves the space without wrapping.

white-space: pre;

What happens when the content overflows out of the box?

nowrap

Only wraps the text without preserving.

white-space: nowrap;

What happens when the content overflows?

pre-wrap

preserves the formatting of text and wraps the text.

white-space: pre-wrap;

What happens when the content overflows?

pre-line

preserves white-space as well as line breaks and wraps the text.

white-space: pre-line;

What happens when the content overflows out of the box?

CSS width

CSS width property defines physical width of an element (box). The length units might be px, em, pt, in.

auto

auto value means the width will be changed automatically according to the content.

width: auto;

We are learning width property for different values such as min-width, max-width, and length.

length

The width of an element should be at least 30px.

width: 300px;

We are learning width property for different values such as min-width, max-width, and length.

percentage

The width of an element should be 30% of the parent box.

width: 30%;

We are learning width property for different values such as min-width, max-width, and length.

min-content

min-content value represents that the width of an element must be equal to or greater than the largest minimum width of some descendant item i.e. it depends upon the minimum size of child element.

In this case, the min-width of descendant element is 100px.

width: min-content;

We are learning width property for different values such as min-width, max-width, and length.

max-content

max-content value means the width of an element must be equal to or greater than the largest maximum width of some descendant item i.e. it depends upon the miximum size of child element.

In this case, the max-width of descendant element is 200px.

width: max-content;

We are learning width property for different values such as min-width, max-width, and length.

CSS word-break

CSS word-break property represents soft wrap opportunities between letters or words when inline content flows to the next line.

normalDefault

normal value allows the inline content to break at spaces between words.

word-break: normal;

这是一些汉字 and some Latin و کمی خط عربی และตัวอย่างการเขียนภาษาไทย

break-all

break-all adds soft wrap opportunities between letters in addition to the words i.e. it breaks the words to flow to the next line.

word-break: break-all;

这是一些汉字 and some Latin و کمی خط عربی และตัวอย่างการเขียนภาษาไทย

keep-all

Breaking is not allowed within words. It allows soft wrap opportunities between typographic character units such as numbers, alphabets.

word-break: keep-all;

这是一些汉字 and some Latin و کمی خط عربی และตัวอย่างการเขียนภาษาไทย

CSS word-spacing

CSS word-spacing property adds or removes extra spacing between the words. A sentence may shrink or expand depending upon the value of word-spacing.

normalDefault

represents no additional spacing.

word-spacing: normal;

Observe the behavior of word-spacing for different values such as normal, length.

+ve length

+ve value adds extra spacing between the words in addition to the default spacing defined by font (expanding behavior).

word-spacing: 10px;

Observe the behavior of word-spacing for different values such as normal, length.

-ve length

-ve value removes spacing between the words (contracting behavior).

word-spacing: -10px;

Observe the behavior of word-spacing for different values such as normal, length.

CSS writing-mode

writing-mode property represents both the alignment of text lines (the direction of placement of lines) and the progress of flow of writing (the placement of words within line).

horizontal-tbDefault

It represents that the lines are aligned horizontally and the progress of flow of lines is from top to bottom.

writing-mode: horizontal-tb;

It is representing the direction of text.

vertical-rl

The lines are aligned vertically and the progress of flow of lines is from right to left.

writing-mode: vertical-rl;

It is representing the direction of text.

vertical-lr

The lines are aligned vertically and the progress of flow of lines is from left to right.

writing-mode: vertical-rl;

It is representing the direction of text.

CSS z-index

CSS z-index property defines the stack order of an element in the stacking context. We can imagine a stacking context as a layer of boxes. z-index property actually forms a new stacking context i.e. a new layer of boxes.

  • As the value of z-index increases, the new layers are also created laying over each other starting from bottom.

  • We take the example of two elements i.e. red and green boxes. These two elements have been absolutely positioned.

autoDefault

It does not create a new stacking context i.e. 0 stack order for the current element.

The following value applies to the red box that constitutes 0 stack order.

z-index: auto;

box1
box2

integer

An integer establishes a new stacking context and represents the stack order of an element.

The following value applies to the red box and defines a new stacking context. That's why you can see the red box closer to your eye than the green box.

z-index: 1;

box1
box2